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Clinical Chemistry, Vol 34, 1737-1744, Copyright © 1988 by American Association for Clinical Chemistry
JC Nelson and RT Tomei
Department of Pathology, White Memorial Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
We have designed a re-usable dialysis cell and a complex dialysis buffer, with which undiluted serum samples can be dialyzed with minimal changes in their serum matrix. Dialysate thyroxin (free T4) is then measured by a sensitive RIA for T4. The range of reportability was 2- 128 ng/L, the normal range was 8-27 ng/L, and the interassay CV was 7%. Free T4 concentrations in various disorders were as follows: hyperthyroidism, 32-478 ng/L; in both excess thyroxin-binding globulin (TBG) and familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia, 9-27 ng/L; primary hypothyroidism, less than 2-7 ng/L; central hypothyroidism, 4-6 ng/L; severe TBG deficiency, 9-25 ng/L; hypothyroxinemias of nonthyroidal illness, 8-35 ng/L. With this free-T4 assay, which is adaptable to clinical laboratory use, one can differentiate hyperthyroidism from the major euthyroid hyperthyroxinemias and hypothyroidism from the major euthyroid hypothyroxinemias.
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  J. Chevrier, B. Eskenazi, N. Holland, A. Bradman, and D. B. Barr Effects of Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides on Thyroid Function during Pregnancy Am. J. Epidemiol., June 25, 2008; (2008) kwn136v2. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. Yue, A. L. Rockwood, T. Sandrock, S. L. La'ulu, M. M. Kushnir, and A. W. Meikle Free Thyroid Hormones in Serum by Direct Equilibrium Dialysis and Online Solid-Phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Clin. Chem., April 1, 2008; 54(4): 642 - 651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. S. Fritz, A. J.S. McKean, J. C. Nelson, and R. B. Wilcox Analog-Based Free Testosterone Test Results Linked to Total Testosterone Concentrations, Not Free Testosterone Concentrations Clin. Chem., March 1, 2008; 54(3): 512 - 516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. S. Fritz, R. B. Wilcox, and J. C. Nelson A Direct Free Thyroxine (T4) Immunoassay with the Characteristics of a Total T4 Immunoassay Clin. Chem., May 1, 2007; 53(5): 911 - 915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. S. Fritz, R. B. Wilcox, and J. C. Nelson Quantifying Spurious Free T4 Results Attributable to Thyroxine-Binding Proteins in Serum Dialysates and Ultrafiltrates Clin. Chem., May 1, 2007; 53(5): 985 - 988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Van Uytfanghe, D. Stockl, H A. Ross, and L. M. Thienpont Use of Frozen Sera for FT4 Standardization: Investigation by Equilibrium Dialysis Combined with Isotope Dilution-Mass Spectrometry and Immunoassay Clin. Chem., September 1, 2006; 52(9): 1817 - 1821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. K. Miller, W. Rosner, H. Lee, J. Hier, G. Sesmilo, D. Schoenfeld, G. Neubauer, and A. Klibanski Measurement of Free Testosterone in Normal Women and Women with Androgen Deficiency: Comparison of Methods J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2004; 89(2): 525 - 533. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. H. Samuels, K. Pillote, D. Asher, and J. C. Nelson Variable Effects of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents on Thyroid Test Results J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2003; 88(12): 5710 - 5716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Alkhateeb, G. L. Stetler, W. Old, J. Talbert, C. Uhlhorn, M. Taylor, A. Fox, C. Miller, D. G. Dills, E. C. Ridgway, et al. Mapping of an autoimmunity susceptibility locus (AIS1) to chromosome 1p31.3-p32.2 Hum. Mol. Genet., March 1, 2002; 11(6): 661 - 667. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. S. Holm, L. Andreasen, S. H. Hansen, J. Faber, and P. Staun-Olsen Influence of Adsorption and Deproteination on Potential Free Thyroxine Reference Methods Clin. Chem., January 1, 2002; 48(1): 108 - 114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. E.M. Midgley Direct and Indirect Free Thyroxine Assay Methods: Theory and Practice Clin. Chem., August 1, 2001; 47(8): 1353 - 1363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Buffenstein, R. Woodley, C. Thomadakis, T. J. M. Daly, and D. A. Gray Cold-induced changes in thyroid function in a poikilothermic mammal, the naked mole-rat Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2001; 280(1): R149 - R155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Fisher, E. J. Schoen, S. L. Franchi, S. H. Mandel, J. C. Nelson, E. I. Carlton, and J. H. Goshi The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Negative Feedback Control Axis in Children with Treated Congenital Hypothyroidism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2000; 85(8): 2722 - 2727. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Pannain, M. Feldman, U. Eiholzer, R. E. Weiss, N. H. Scherberg, and S. Refetoff Familial Dysalbuminemic Hyperthyroxinemia in a Swiss Family Caused by a Mutant Albumin (R218P) Shows an Apparent Discrepancy between Serum Concentration and Affinity for Thyroxine J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2000; 85(8): 2786 - 2792. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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N. D. Christofides, E. Wilkinson, M. Stoddart, D. C. Ray, and G. J. Beckett Assessment of Serum Thyroxine Binding Capacity-dependent Biases in Free Thyroxine Assays Clin. Chem., April 1, 1999; 45(4): 520 - 525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Sinha-Hikim, S. Arver, G. Beall, R. Shen, M. Guerrero, F. Sattler, C. Shikuma, J. C. Nelson, B.-M. Landgren, N. A. Mazer, et al. The Use of a Sensitive Equilibrium Dialysis Method for the Measurement of Free Testosterone Levels in Healthy, Cycling Women and in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 1998; 83(4): 1312 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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I. J. Chopra Euthyroid Sick Syndrome: Is It a Misnomer? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 1997; 82(2): 329 - 334. [Full Text] [PDF]
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