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Clinical Chemistry, Vol 37, 2120-2123, Copyright © 1991 by American Association for Clinical Chemistry
ML MacNeil, PW Mueller, SP Caudill and KK Steinberg
Division of Environmental Health Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333.
The measurement of small but abnormal amounts of albumin in urine is important in evaluating kidney disease in people with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or possible adverse health effects from exposure to nephrotoxins. Routine laboratory methods for measuring albumin are not sensitive enough to measure the amounts that are significant in urine (less than 30 mg/L). In our laboratory we used three immunoassays for measuring urinary albumin: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and immunoturbidimetric assay (IT). We calculated the CVs of the three methods, investigated potential interfering substances at three times their normal concentrations, and stored urine under different conditions to find the best way to protect the sample until assay. The potential interferents we checked were transferrin, urea, beta 2- microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, creatinine, kappa and lambda light chains, IgG, hemoglobin, ketone, and glucose. The stability study involved two study temperatures (-20 and -70 degrees C) and four treatments (centrifuging or filtering, before or after storage). We found the following: the RIA had the lowest CV; the results from the interference study showed no interference from normal physiological concentrations of the substances investigated; storage at -70 degrees C regardless of the treatment should be adequate to prevent loss of albumin immunoreactivity.
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  D. Sviridov, S. K. Drake, and G. L. Hortin Reactivity of Urinary Albumin (Microalbumin) Assays with Fragmented or Modified Albumin Clin. Chem., January 1, 2008; 54(1): 61 - 68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W. Brinkman, D. de Zeeuw, H. J. Lambers Heerspink, R. T. Gansevoort, I. P. Kema, P. E. de Jong, and S. J.L. Bakker Apparent Loss of Urinary Albumin during Long-term Frozen Storage: HPLC vs Immunonephelometry Clin. Chem., August 1, 2007; 53(8): 1520 - 1526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W. Brinkman, D. de Zeeuw, R. T. Gansevoort, J. J. Duker, I. P. Kema, P. E. de Jong, and S. J.L. Bakker Prolonged Frozen Storage of Urine Reduces the Value of Albuminuria for Mortality Prediction Clin. Chem., January 1, 2007; 53(1): 153 - 154. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W. Brinkman, D. de Zeeuw, J. J. Duker, R. T. Gansevoort, I. P. Kema, H. L. Hillege, P. E. de Jong, and S. J.L. Bakker Falsely Low Urinary Albumin Concentrations after Prolonged Frozen Storage of Urine Samples Clin. Chem., November 1, 2005; 51(11): 2181 - 2183. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. B. Sacks, D. E. Bruns, D. E. Goldstein, N. K. Maclaren, J. M. McDonald, and M. Parrott Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus Clin. Chem., March 1, 2002; 48(3): 436 - 472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. S. Klasen, L. J.M. Reichert, C. M. de Kat Angelino, and J. F.M. Wetzels Quantitative Determination of Low and High Molecular Weight Proteins in Human Urine: Influence of Temperature and Storage Time Clin. Chem., March 1, 1999; 45(3): 430 - 432. [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. T. Innanen, B. M. Groom, and F. M. de Campos Microalbumin and Freezing Clin. Chem., June 1, 1997; 43(6): 1093 - 1094. [Full Text] [PDF]
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