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Articles |
Departments of
1
Pathology and
2
Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405.
a Address for correspondence: Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Colchester Research Facility, 55A South Park Dr., Colchester, VT 05446. Fax 802-656-8965; e-mail rtracy{at}moose.uvm.edu
We developed a reproducible ELISA for C-reactive protein (CRP),
calibrated with WHO Reference Material, for which intra- and interassay
CVs were 3.0% and 6.0%, respectively. Analytical recovery was 97.9%.
The distribution of CRP in a healthy blood donor population (n =
143) was nongaussian, with 2.5th, 50th, and 97.5th percentile values of
0.08, 0.64, and 3.11 mg/L, respectively. There was no sex-related
difference, and the association with age was weak. In a study of
variability [by the method of Fraser and Harris (Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci
1989;27:409–37)], the analytical variability was 5.2%;
the within-subject variability, CVI, was 42.2%; and the
between-subject variability, CVG, was 92.5%. The critical
difference for sequential values significant at P 
0.05
(i.e., the smallest percentage change unlikely to be due to analytical
variability or CVI) was calculated as 118%, and the index
of individuality, CVI/CVG, was 0.46. This
suggests that CRP, like many clinical chemistry analytes, has limited
usefulness in detecting early disease-associated changes when used in
conjunction with a healthy reference interval. From a molecular
epidemiological standpoint, the usefulness of CRP in longitudinal
studies is suggested by the small index of individuality and by
observations that (a) short-term fluctuations were
infrequent, (b) all data stayed within the reference
interval, and (c) relative rankings of the subjects over 6
months only moderately deteriorated.
Key Words: indexing terms: inflammation • cardiovascular disease • variation, source of • index of individuality • critical difference • molecular epidemiology
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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E. Wong, M. Freiberg, R. Tracy, and L. Kuller Epidemiology of Cytokines: The Women On the Move through Activity and Nutrition (WOMAN) Study Am. J. Epidemiol., August 15, 2008; 168(4): 443 - 453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Anuurad, J. Rubin, A. Chiem, R. P. Tracy, T. A. Pearson, and L. Berglund High Levels of Inflammatory Biomarkers Are Associated with Increased Allele-Specific Apolipoprotein(a) Levels in African-Americans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2008; 93(4): 1482 - 1488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Dednam, B. C. Vorster, and J. B. Ubbink Biological Variation of Myeloperoxidase Clin. Chem., January 1, 2008; 54(1): 223 - 225. [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Khuseyinova, S. Greven, R. Ruckerl, G. Trischler, H. Loewel, A. Peters, and W. Koenig Variability of Serial Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Measurements in Post Myocardial Infarction Patients: Results from the AIRGENE Study Center Augsburg Clin. Chem., January 1, 2008; 54(1): 124 - 130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. M. Novaro, R. Katz, R. J. Aviles, J. S. Gottdiener, M. Cushman, B. M. Psaty, C. M. Otto, and B. P. Griffin Clinical Factors, But Not C-Reactive Protein, Predict Progression of Calcific Aortic-Valve Disease: The Cardiovascular Health Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 13, 2007; 50(20): 1992 - 1998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Hartweg, M. Gunter, R. Perera, A. Farmer, C. Cull, C. Schalkwijk, A. Kok, H. Twaalfhoven, R. Holman, and A. Neil Stability of Soluble Adhesion Molecules, Selectins, and C-Reactive Protein at Various Temperatures: Implications for Epidemiological and Large-Scale Clinical Studies Clin. Chem., October 1, 2007; 53(10): 1858 - 1860. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Barutcu, A. T. Sezgin, N. Sezgin, H. Gullu, A. M. Esen, E. Topal, R. Ozdemir, F. Kosar, and S. Cehreli Increased High Sensitive CRP Level and Its Significance in Pathogenesis of Slow Coronary Flow Angiology, September 1, 2007; 58(4): 401 - 407. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 J. J. Cao, A. M. Arnold, T. A. Manolio, J. F. Polak, B. M. Psaty, C. H. Hirsch, L. H. Kuller, and M. Cushman Association of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness, Plaques, and C-Reactive Protein With Future Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality: The Cardiovascular Health Study Circulation, July 3, 2007; 116(1): 32 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. S. Jenny, N. D. Yanez, B. M. Psaty, L. H. Kuller, C. H. Hirsch, and R. P. Tracy Inflammation Biomarkers and Near-Term Death in Older Men Am. J. Epidemiol., March 15, 2007; 165(6): 684 - 695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. A. Lange, C. S. Carlson, L. A. Hindorff, E. M. Lange, J. Walston, J. P. Durda, M. Cushman, J. C. Bis, D. Zeng, D. Lin, et al. Association of Polymorphisms in the CRP Gene With Circulating C-Reactive Protein Levels and Cardiovascular Events JAMA, December 13, 2006; 296(22): 2703 - 2711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. L. Bryson, K. J. Mukamal, M. A. Mittleman, L. P. Fried, C. H. Hirsch, D. W. Kitzman, and D. S. Siscovick The Association of Alcohol Consumption and Incident Heart Failure: The Cardiovascular Health Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 18, 2006; 48(2): 305 - 311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Otani, M. Iwasaki, S. Sasazuki, M. Inoue, S. Tsugane, and Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Plasma C-reactive protein and risk of colorectal cancer in a nested case-control study: Japan public health center-based prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2006; 15(4): 690 - 695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. O'Hare, R. Katz, M. G. Shlipak, M. Cushman, and A. B. Newman Mortality and Cardiovascular Risk Across the Ankle-Arm Index Spectrum: Results From the Cardiovascular Health Study Circulation, January 24, 2006; 113(3): 388 - 393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. J. Toth, P. A. Ades, M. M. LeWinter, R. P. Tracy, and A. Tchernof Skeletal muscle myofibrillar mRNA expression in heart failure: relationship to local and circulating hormones J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2006; 100(1): 35 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S Yende, G W Waterer, E A Tolley, A B Newman, D C Bauer, D R Taaffe, R Jensen, R Crapo, S Rubin, M Nevitt, et al. Inflammatory markers are associated with ventilatory limitation and muscle dysfunction in obstructive lung disease in well functioning elderly subjects Thorax, January 1, 2006; 61(1): 10 - 16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. F. Fried, R. Katz, M. J. Sarnak, M. G. Shlipak, P. H.M. Chaves, N. S. Jenny, C. Stehman-Breen, D. Gillen, A. J. Bleyer, C. Hirsch, et al. Kidney Function as a Predictor of Noncardiovascular Mortality J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., December 1, 2005; 16(12): 3728 - 3735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Kizer, D. O. Wiebers, J. P. Whisnant, J. M. Galloway, T. K. Welty, E. T. Lee, L. G. Best, H. E. Resnick, M. J. Roman, and R. B. Devereux Mitral Annular Calcification, Aortic Valve Sclerosis, and Incident Stroke in Adults Free of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: The Strong Heart Study Stroke, December 1, 2005; 36(12): 2533 - 2537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. P. Tracy and L. H. Kuller C-Reactive Protein, Heart Disease Risk, and the Popular Media Arch Intern Med, October 10, 2005; 165(18): 2058 - 2060. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Il'yasova, L. H. Colbert, T. B. Harris, A. B. Newman, D. C. Bauer, S. Satterfield, and S. B. Kritchevsky Circulating Levels of Inflammatory Markers and Cancer Risk in the Health Aging and Body Composition Cohort Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2005; 14(10): 2413 - 2418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. W. Cho, V. Jayagopal, E. S. Kilpatrick, and S. L. Atkin The Biological Variation of C-Reactive Protein in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Clin. Chem., October 1, 2005; 51(10): 1905 - 1907. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G McGwin, T A Hall, A Xie, and C Owsley The relation between C reactive protein and age related macular degeneration in the Cardiovascular Health Study Br. J. Ophthalmol., September 1, 2005; 89(9): 1166 - 1170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. G. Best, Y. Zhang, E. T. Lee, J.-L. Yeh, L. Cowan, V. Palmieri, M. Roman, R. B. Devereux, R. R. Fabsitz, R. P. Tracy, et al. C-Reactive Protein as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Risk in a Population With a High Prevalence of Diabetes: The Strong Heart Study Circulation, August 30, 2005; 112(9): 1289 - 1295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. J. van Dijk, N. D. Prins, S. E. Vermeer, H. A. Vrooman, A. Hofman, P. J. Koudstaal, and M. M.B. Breteler C-Reactive Protein and Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease: The Rotterdam Scan Study Circulation, August 9, 2005; 112(6): 900 - 905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. Ravaglia, P. Forti, F. Maioli, N. Brunetti, M. Martelli, L. Servadei, L. Bastagli, M. Bianchin, and E. Mariani Serum C-Reactive Protein and Cognitive Function in Healthy Elderly Italian Community Dwellers J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., August 1, 2005; 60(8): 1017 - 1021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Cushman, A. M. Arnold, B. M. Psaty, T. A. Manolio, L. H. Kuller, G. L. Burke, J. F. Polak, and R. P. Tracy C-Reactive Protein and the 10-Year Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease in Older Men and Women: The Cardiovascular Health Study Circulation, July 5, 2005; 112(1): 25 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Moran, L. M. Steffen, D. R. Jacobs Jr., J. Steinberger, J. S. Pankow, C.-P. Hong, R. P. Tracy, and A. R. Sinaiko Relation of C-Reactive Protein to Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Youth Diabetes Care, July 1, 2005; 28(7): 1763 - 1768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. S. Markus, B. Hunt, K. Palmer, C. Enzinger, H. Schmidt, and R. Schmidt Markers of Endothelial and Hemostatic Activation and Progression of Cerebral White Matter Hyperintensities: Longitudinal Results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study Stroke, July 1, 2005; 36(7): 1410 - 1414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. M. Okin, M. J. Roman, L. G. Best, E. T. Lee, J. M. Galloway, B. V. Howard, and R. B. Devereux C-Reactive Protein and Electrocardiographic ST-Segment Depression Additively Predict Mortality: The Strong Heart Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 7, 2005; 45(11): 1787 - 1793. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. J. Toth, D. E. Matthews, R. P. Tracy, and M. J. Previs Age-related differences in skeletal muscle protein synthesis: relation to markers of immune activation Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2005; 288(5): E883 - E891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. G. Dik, C. Jonker, C. E. Hack, J. H. Smit, H. C. Comijs, and P. Eikelenboom Serum inflammatory proteins and cognitive decline in older persons Neurology, April 26, 2005; 64(8): 1371 - 1377. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. R. Sinaiko, J. Steinberger, A. Moran, R. J. Prineas, B. Vessby, S. Basu, R. Tracy, and D. R. Jacobs Jr Relation of Body Mass Index and Insulin Resistance to Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Inflammatory Factors, and Oxidative Stress During Adolescence Circulation, April 19, 2005; 111(15): 1985 - 1991. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Toth, D. E. Matthews, P. A. Ades, M. D. Tischler, P. Van Buren, M. Previs, and M. M. LeWinter Skeletal muscle myofibrillar protein metabolism in heart failure: relationship to immune activation and functional capacity Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, April 1, 2005; 288(4): E685 - E692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Desvarieux, R. T. Demmer, T. Rundek, B. Boden-Albala, D. R. Jacobs Jr, R. L. Sacco, and P. N. Papapanou Periodontal Microbiota and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: The Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST) Circulation, February 8, 2005; 111(5): 576 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Bogaty, J. M. Brophy, L. Boyer, S. Simard, L. Joseph, F. Bertrand, and G. R. Dagenais Fluctuating Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Arch Intern Med, January 24, 2005; 165(2): 221 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Iribarren, M. D. Gross, J. A. Darbinian, D. R. Jacobs Jr, S. Sidney, and C. M. Loria Association of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Mass and Activity With Calcified Coronary Plaque in Young Adults: The CARDIA Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 2005; 25(1): 216 - 221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Gross, M. Steffes, D. R. Jacobs Jr, X. Yu, L. Lewis, C. E. Lewis, and C. M. Loria Plasma F2-Isoprostanes and Coronary Artery Calcification: The CARDIA Study Clin. Chem., January 1, 2005; 51(1): 125 - 131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. L. Myers, N. Rifai, R. P. Tracy, W. L. Roberts, R. W. Alexander, L. M. Biasucci, J. D. Catravas, T. G. Cole, G. R. Cooper, B. V. Khan, et al. CDC/AHA Workshop on Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice: Report From the Laboratory Science Discussion Group Circulation, December 21, 2004; 110(25): e545 - e549. [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. L. Roberts CDC/AHA Workshop on Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice: Laboratory Tests Available to Assess Inflammation--Performance and Standardization: A Background Paper Circulation, December 21, 2004; 110(25): e572 - e576. |
