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Doping in Sport Symposium |
1
Division of Cell Biology/0110, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
2
Hölderlin High School, Heidelberg, Germany.
a Author for correspondence. Fax 49-6221-423404.
Abstract
Several classified documents saved after the collapse of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1990 describe the promotion by the government of the use of drugs, notably androgenic steroids, in high-performance sports (doping). Top-secret doctoral theses, scientific reports, progress reports of grants, proceedings from symposia of experts, and reports of physicians and scientists who served as unofficial collaborators for the Ministry for State Security ("Stasi") reveal that from 1966 on, hundreds of physicians and scientists, including top-ranking professors, performed doping research and administered prescription drugs as well as unapproved experimental drug preparations. Several thousand athletes were treated with androgens every year, including minors of each sex. Special emphasis was placed on administering androgens to women and adolescent girls because this practice proved to be particularly effective for sports performance. Damaging side effects were recorded, some of which required surgical or medical intervention. In addition, several prominent scientists and sports physicians of the GDR contributed to the development of methods of drug administration that would evade detection by international doping controls.
Key Words: indexing terms: androgenic-anabolic steroids • testosterone • performance-enhancing drugs • abused drugs • sports medicine • urine
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  C. A. A. Penatti, D. M. Porter, and L. P. Henderson Chronic Exposure to Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Alters Neuronal Function in the Mammalian Forebrain via Androgen Receptor- and Estrogen Receptor-Mediated Mechanisms J. Neurosci., October 7, 2009; 29(40): 12484 - 12496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. L. Elliot, J. Cheong, E. L. Moe, and L. Goldberg Cross-sectional Study of Female Students Reporting Anabolic Steroid Use Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, June 1, 2007; 161(6): 572 - 577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. L. Jones, P. J. Whiting, and L. P. Henderson Mechanisms of anabolic androgenic steroid inhibition of mammalian {varepsilon}-subunit-containing GABAA receptors J. Physiol., June 15, 2006; 573(3): 571 - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K R Kaufman and R Gerner Modafinil in sports: ethical considerations Br. J. Sports Med., April 1, 2005; 39(4): 241 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Rej Clinical Chemistry through Clinical Chemistry: A Journal Timeline Clin. Chem., December 1, 2004; 50(12): 2415 - 2458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. D. Noakes Tainted Glory -- Doping and Athletic Performance N. Engl. J. Med., August 26, 2004; 351(9): 847 - 849. [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Y. Liu, A. K. Death, and D. J. Handelsman Androgens and Cardiovascular Disease Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2003; 24(3): 313 - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. S. Clark, M. C. Kelton, and A. C. Whitney Chronic Administration of Anabolic Steroids Disrupts Pubertal Onset and Estrous Cyclicity in Rats Biol Reprod, February 1, 2003; 68(2): 465 - 471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. T. Kicman, T. Bassindale, D. A. Cowan, S. Dale, A. J. Hutt, and A. R. Leeds Effect of Androstenedione Ingestion on Plasma Testosterone in Young Women; a Dietary Supplement with Potential Health Risks Clin. Chem., January 1, 2003; 49(1): 167 - 169. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. M. Kuhn Anabolic Steroids Recent Prog. Horm. Res., January 1, 2002; 57(1): 411 - 434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. B. Lutz, L. M. Cole, M. K. Gupta, K. W. Kwist, R. J. Auchus, and S. R. Hammes Evidence that androgens are the primary steroids produced by Xenopus laevis ovaries and may signal through the classical androgen receptor to promote oocyte maturation PNAS, November 9, 2001; (2001) 241471598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. C. Jorge-Rivera, K. L. McIntyre, and L. P. Henderson Anabolic Steroids Induce Region- and Subunit-Specific Rapid Modulation of GABAA Receptor-Mediated Currents in the Rat Forebrain J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2000; 83(6): 3299 - 3309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Cowan and A. T. Kicman Doping in Sport: Misuse, Analytical Tests, and Legal Aspects Clin. Chem., July 1, 1997; 43(7): 1110 - 1113. [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. B. Lutz, L. M. Cole, M. K. Gupta, K. W. Kwist, R. J. Auchus, and S. R. Hammes Evidence that androgens are the primary steroids produced by Xenopus laevis ovaries and may signal through the classical androgen receptor to promote oocyte maturation PNAS, November 20, 2001; 98(24): 13728 - 13733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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