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Clinical Chemistry 44: 1951-1958, 1998;
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(Clinical Chemistry. 1998;44:1951-1958.)
© 1998 American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Inc.

Endocrinology and Metabolism

What is hemoglobin A1c? An analysis of glycated hemoglobins by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Karen P. Peterson1,a, James G. Pavlovich2, David Goldstein3, Randie Little3, Jack England3, and Charles M. Peterson1,4

1 Sansum Medical Research Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA 93111.

2 Chemistry Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106.

3 School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212.

4 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/National Institutes of Health, Division of Blood Diseases and Resources, 6701 Rockledge Dr., 10th floor, Room 10158, Bethesda, MD 20817.
a Address correspondence to this author at: 11920 Glen Mill Rd., Potomac, MD 20854. Fax 301-610-7898; e-mail 104604.3615{at}compuserve.com.

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a stable minor Hb variant formed in vivo by posttranslational modification by glucose, originally identified by using cation exchange chromatography, and containing primarily glycated N-terminal ß-chains. However, the structure(s) of the quantified species has not been elucidated, and the available methods lack a reference standard. We used electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to determine the extent of glycation of samples separated by boronate affinity and/or cation exchange chromatography. Analyses of clinical samples were consistent with the curvilinear relationship of patient glucose and HbA1c. As glycation increased, the ratio of ß-chain to {alpha}-chain glycation increased, and the number of glycation sites on the ß-chain increased, although these were relatively minor components. We found several glycated species that cochromatographed with HbA1c on cation exchange, including species with both glycated {alpha}- and ß-chains, nonglycated {alpha}- and glycated ß-chains, and multiply glycated ß-chains. The combined use of affinity and cation exchange chromatography with structural confirmation by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was found to be useful in producing samples of sufficient purity for the standardization of glycohemoglobin clinical assays.


Key Words: Hb, hemoglobin • ESI, electrospray ionization • MS, mass spectrometry.




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