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Clinical Chemistry 45: 2164-2172, 1999;
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(Clinical Chemistry. 1999;45:2164-2172.)
© 1999 American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Inc.

Articles

Analysis of Nicotine, 3-Hydroxycotinine, Cotinine, and Caffeine in Urine of Passive Smokers by HPLC-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tapani Tuomia,1, Tom Johnsson1 and Kari Reijula1

1 Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Indoor Air & Environment Program of the FIOH, Uusimaa Regional Institute, Arinatie 3A, 00370 Helsinki, Finland.
a Author for correspondence. Fax 358-9-5061087; e-mail tapani.tuomi{at}occuphealth.fi

Background: A method is described for the simultaneous analysis of nicotine and two of its major metabolites, cotinine and 3-hydroxycotinine, as well as for caffeine from urine samples. The method was developed to assess exposure of restaurant and hotel workers to environmental tobacco smoke.

Methods: The method includes sample pretreatment and reversed-phase HPLC separation with tandem mass spectrometric identification and quantification using electrospray ionization on a quadrupole ion trap mass analyzer. Sample pretreatment followed standard protocols, including addition of base before liquid-liquid partitioning against dichloromethane on a solid matrix, evaporation of the organic solvent using gaseous nitrogen, and transferring to HPLC vials using HPLC buffer. HPLC separation was run on-line with the electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric detection.

Results: The detection limits of the procedure were in the 1 µg/L range, except for nicotine (10 µg/L of urine). Still lower detection limits can be achieved with larger sample volumes. Recoveries of the sample treatment varied from 99% (cotinine) to 78% (3-hydroxycotinine).

Conclusions: The method described is straightforward and not labor-intensive and, therefore, permits a high throughput of samples with excellent prospects for automation. The applicability of the method was demonstrated in a small-scale study on restaurant employees.




The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:


Home page
 Indoor and Built EnvironmentHome page
M. Culea, O. Cozar, S. Nicoara, and R. Podea
Exposure Assessment of Nicotine and Cotinine by GC-MS
Indoor and Built Environment, June 1, 2005; 14(3-4): 293 - 299.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Chem.Home page
X. Xu, M. M. Iba, and C. P. Weisel
Simultaneous and Sensitive Measurement of Anabasine, Nicotine, and Nicotine Metabolites in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Clin. Chem., December 1, 2004; 50(12): 2323 - 2330.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Chem.Home page
T. P. Moyer, J. R. Charlson, R. J. Enger, L. C. Dale, J. O. Ebbert, D. R. Schroeder, and R. D. Hurt
Simultaneous Analysis of Nicotine, Nicotine Metabolites, and Tobacco Alkaloids in Serum or Urine by Tandem Mass Spectrometry, with Clinically Relevant Metabolic Profiles
Clin. Chem., September 1, 2002; 48(9): 1460 - 1471.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Chem.Home page
D. Roche, F. Callais, P. Reungoat, and I. Momas
Adaptation of an Enzyme Immunoassay to Assess Urinary Cotinine in Nonsmokers Exposed to Tobacco Smoke
Clin. Chem., May 1, 2001; 47(5): 950 - 952.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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