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a Abbott Laboratories, Diagnostics Division, D9NL, AP 20, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064. Fax 847-938-7072; e-mail Omar.khalil{at}add.ssw.abbott.com.
Frequent determination of glucose concentrations in diabetic patients is an important tool for diabetes management. This requires repetitive lancing and finger bleeding. Use of noninvasive (NI) detection techniques offers several advantages, such as the absence of pain and exposure to sharp objects and biohazard materials, the potential for increased frequency of testing, and hence, tighter control of the glucose concentrations, and the potential for a closed-loop system including a monitor and an insulin pump. These potential advantages have led to considerable interest in the commercialization of NI glucose monitoring devices. Review of the scientific, patent, and commercial literature indicates that the spectroscopic basis for NI determination of glucose is not yet well established, and attempts at commercialization may be several steps ahead of our understanding the origin and characteristics of an in vivo glucose-specific or glucose-related signal. Several technologies have potential for leading to viable measuring devices, but most of the data are based on in vitro experimentation. Because of the technical complexity of in vivo glucose measurements, this review aims at discussing the gap between the established need and current technology limitations.
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  V. V. Sapozhnikova, D. Prough, R. V. Kuranov, I. Cicenaite, and R. O. Esenaliev Influence of Osmolytes on In Vivo Glucose Monitoring Using Optical Coherence Tomography Experimental Biology and Medicine, September 1, 2006; 231(8): 1323 - 1332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 O. S. Khalil Noninvasive Photonic-Crystal Material for Sensing Glucose in Tears Clin. Chem., December 1, 2004; 50(12): 2236 - 2237. [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. L. Alexeev, S. Das, D. N. Finegold, and S. A. Asher Photonic Crystal Glucose-Sensing Material for Noninvasive Monitoring of Glucose in Tear Fluid Clin. Chem., December 1, 2004; 50(12): 2353 - 2360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. K. Cho, Y. O. Kim, H. Mitsumaki, and K. Kuwa Noninvasive Measurement of Glucose by Metabolic Heat Conformation Method Clin. Chem., October 1, 2004; 50(10): 1894 - 1898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. B. Ko, O. K. Cho, Y. O. Kim, and K. Yasuda Body Metabolism Provides a Foundation for Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Diabetes Care, May 1, 2004; 27(5): 1211 - 1212. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S.-j. Yeh, C. F. Hanna, and O. S. Khalil Monitoring Blood Glucose Changes in Cutaneous Tissue by Temperature-modulated Localized Reflectance Measurements Clin. Chem., June 1, 2003; 49(6): 924 - 934. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. B. Sacks, D. E. Bruns, D. E. Goldstein, N. K. Maclaren, J. M. McDonald, and M. Parrott Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus Clin. Chem., March 1, 2002; 48(3): 436 - 472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. V. Eddy and M. A. Arnold Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Measuring Urea in Hemodialysis Fluids Clin. Chem., July 1, 2001; 47(7): 1279 - 1286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. A. Shaw, S. Low-Ying, M. Leroux, and H. H. Mantsch Toward Reagent-free Clinical Analysis: Quantitation of Urine Urea, Creatinine, and Total Protein from the Mid-Infrared Spectra of Dried Urine Films Clin. Chem., September 1, 2000; 46(9): 1493 - 1495. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Weitgasser, B. Gappmayer, and M. Pichler Newer Portable Glucose Meters--Analytical Improvement Compared with Previous Generation Devices? Clin. Chem., October 1, 1999; 45(10): 1821 - 1825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. A. MacKenzie, H. S. Ashton, S. Spiers, Y. Shen, S. S. Freeborn, J. Hannigan, J. Lindberg, and P. Rae Advances in Photoacoustic Noninvasive Glucose Testing Clin. Chem., September 1, 1999; 45(9): 1587 - 1595. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. J. Burmeister and M. A. Arnold Evaluation of Measurement Sites for Noninvasive Blood Glucose Sensing with Near-Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy Clin. Chem., September 1, 1999; 45(9): 1621 - 1627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. F. Malin, T. L. Ruchti, T. B. Blank, S. N. Thennadil, and S. L. Monfre Noninvasive Prediction of Glucose by Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy Clin. Chem., September 1, 1999; 45(9): 1651 - 1658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. Collison, P. J. Stout, T. S. Glushko, K. N. Pokela, D. J. Mullins-Hirte, J. R. Racchini, M. A. Walter, S. P. Mecca, J. Rundquist, J. J. Allen, et al. Analytical Characterization of Electrochemical Biosensor Test Strips for Measurement of Glucose in Low-Volume Interstitial Fluid Samples Clin. Chem., September 1, 1999; 45(9): 1665 - 1673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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