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Opinion |
1
Department of Pathology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
2
Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 800 Zorn Ave., Louisville, KY 40206-1466
a Author for correspondence. Fax 502-894-6265; e-mail levinson{at}louisville.edu
Heterophile antibodies are antibodies produced against poorly defined antigens. These are generally weak antibodies with multispecific activities. Human anti-animal antibodies that develop as a result of treatments with animal immunoglobulins are antibodies with strong avidities, produced against well-defined antigens. Although heterophile antibodies and human anti-animal antibodies interfere with immunological assays by similar mechanisms, modes for identifying the sources of the antibodies and for circumventing or retarding the interference may differ. Unfortunately, there has not been a well-organized attempt to encourage correct definition of these antibodies. This problem of inexact definition is highlighted by recent articles in this Journal. In the present discussion, we examine the history leading to this problem and discuss the origins and the reasons that the nature of the antibody is important for rectifying the problem. We propose a simple nomenclature for general usage that should appropriately characterize these antibodies in most cases.© 1999 American Association for Clinical Chemistry
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  J. Alshekaili, C. Li, and M. C. Cook Heterophile interference accounts for method-specific dsDNA antibodies in patients receiving anti-TNF treatment Rheumatology, February 23, 2010; (2010) keq018v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M P Brugts, J G L M Luermans, E G W M Lentjes, N J van Trooyen-van Vrouwerff, F A L van der Horst, P H T. J Slee, S W J Lamberts, and J A M L Janssen Heterophilic antibodies may be a cause of falsely low total IGF1 levels Eur. J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2009; 161(4): 561 - 565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. H.B. Wu, J. Branch, A. L. Schafer, and E. J. Murphy Mild Positive Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in a Perimenopausal Female: Normal, Malignancy, or Phantom? Lab Med, August 1, 2009; 40(8): 463 - 465. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D J Halsall, E English, and V K Chatterjee Interference from heterophilic antibodies in TSH assays Ann Clin Biochem, July 1, 2009; 46(4): 345 - 346. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Kuhn, T. Addona, H. Keshishian, M. Burgess, D.R. Mani, R. T. Lee, M. S. Sabatine, R. E. Gerszten, and S. A. Carr Developing Multiplexed Assays for Troponin I and Interleukin-33 in Plasma by Peptide Immunoaffinity Enrichment and Targeted Mass Spectrometry Clin. Chem., June 1, 2009; 55(6): 1108 - 1117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P M Clark Laboratory services for thyroglobulin and implications for monitoring of differentiated thyroid cancer J. Clin. Pathol., May 1, 2009; 62(5): 402 - 406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B E Fritz, R J Hauke, and D F Stickle New onset of heterophilic antibody interference in prostate-specific antigen measurement occurring during the period of post-prostatectomy prostate-specific antigen monitoring Ann Clin Biochem, May 1, 2009; 46(3): 253 - 256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. B. Ledue, M. F. Collins, J. Young, and M. E. Schriefer Evaluation of the Recombinant VlsE-Based Liaison Chemiluminescence Immunoassay for Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi and Diagnosis of Lyme Disease Clin. Vaccine Immunol., December 1, 2008; 15(12): 1796 - 1804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. D. Kellogg, T. C. Law, S. Huang, and N. Rifai A Girl with Goiter and Inappropriate Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Secretion Clin. Chem., July 1, 2008; 54(7): 1241 - 1244. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 W. Hueber, B. H Tomooka, X. Zhao, B. A Kidd, J. W Drijfhout, J. F Fries, W. J van Venrooij, A. L Metzger, M. C Genovese, and W. H Robinson Proteomic analysis of secreted proteins in early rheumatoid arthritis: anti-citrulline autoreactivity is associated with up regulation of proinflammatory cytokines Ann Rheum Dis, June 1, 2007; 66(6): 712 - 719. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Y. Liu, A. M. Xydakis, R. C. Hoogeveen, P. H. Jones, E. O. Smith, K. W. Nelson, and C. M. Ballantyne Multiplexed Analysis of Biomarkers Related to Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in Human Plasma, Using the Luminex-100 System Clin. Chem., July 1, 2005; 51(7): 1102 - 1109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Warren, J. Bjerner, E. Paus, O. P. Bormer, and K. Nustad Use of an In Vivo Biotinylated Single-Chain Antibody as Capture Reagent in an Immunometric Assay to Decrease the Incidence of Interference from Heterophilic Antibodies Clin. Chem., May 1, 2005; 51(5): 830 - 838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Kamblock, L. Payot, B. Iung, P. Costes, T. Gillet, C. Le Goanvic, P. Lionet, B. Pagis, J. Pasche, C. Roy, et al. Does rheumatic myocarditis really exists? Systematic study with echocardiography and cardiac troponin I blood levels Eur. Heart J., May 1, 2003; 24(9): 855 - 862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Marks False-Positive Immunoassay Results: A Multicenter Survey of Erroneous Immunoassay Results from Assays of 74 Analytes in 10 Donors from 66 Laboratories in Seven Countries Clin. Chem., November 1, 2002; 48(11): 2008 - 2016. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Bjerner, K. Nustad, L. F. Norum, K. H. Olsen, and O. P. Bormer Immunometric Assay Interference: Incidence and Prevention Clin. Chem., April 1, 2002; 48(4): 613 - 621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. S. Jaffe, J. Ravkilde, R. Roberts, U. Naslund, F. S. Apple, M. Galvani, and H. Katus It's Time for a Change to a Troponin Standard Circulation, September 12, 2000; 102(11): 1216 - 1220. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. W. Butch Falsely Increased Values for Rabbit Immunoglobulin-based Nephelometric Immunoassays Attributable to Human Anti-Rabbit Antibodies Clin. Chem., August 1, 2000; 46(8): 1207 - 1208. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Revelen, A. Bordron, M. Dueymes, P. Youinou, and J. Arvieux False Positivity in a Cyto-ELISA for Anti-Endothelial Cell Antibodies Caused by Heterophile Antibodies to Bovine Serum Proteins Clin. Chem., February 1, 2000; 46(2): 273 - 278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. D. Onuska and S. A. Hill Effect of Rheumatoid Factor on Cardiac Troponin I Measurement Using Two Commercial Measurement Systems Clin. Chem., February 1, 2000; 46(2): 307 - 308. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. J. Frost, S. S. Levinson, and I. V. Kaplan More on Heterophile and Human Anti-Animal Antibodies • The authors of the article cited above reply: Clin. Chem., November 1, 1999; 45(11): 2042 - 2043. [Full Text]
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