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Articles |
1
Department of Cardiology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, 41 Mall Rd., Burlington, MA 01805.
2
Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Harvard
Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.
3
Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
Harvard Medical School and Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.
4
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania
School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
5
Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth
Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215.
6
Leducq Center for Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology of
Cardiovascular Disorders, Boston, MA 02115.
a Author for correspondence. Fax 781-744-5261; e-mail
hans.k.meierewert{at}lahey.org.
Background: The concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) in otherwise healthy subjects has been shown to predict future risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. CRP is synthesized by the liver in response to interleukin-6, the serum concentration of which is subject to diurnal variation.
Methods: To examine the existence of a time-of-day effect for baseline CRP values, we determined CRP concentrations in hourly blood samples drawn from healthy subjects (10 males, 3 females; age range, 21–35 years) during a baseline day in a controlled environment (8 h of nighttime sleep).
Results: Overall CRP concentrations were low, with only three subjects having CRP concentrations >2 mg/L. Comparison of raw data showed stability of CRP concentrations throughout the 24 h studied. When compared with cutoff values of CRP quintile derived from population-based studies, misclassification of greater than one quintile did not occur as a result of diurnal variation in any of the subjects studied. Nonparametric ANOVA comparing different time points showed no significant differences for both raw and z-transformed data. Analysis for rhythmic diurnal variation using a method fitting a cosine curve to the group data was negative.
Conclusions: Our data show that baseline CRP concentrations are not subject to time-of-day variation and thus help to explain why CRP concentrations are a better predictor of vascular risk than interleukin-6. Determination of CRP for cardiovascular risk prediction may be performed without concern for diurnal variation.
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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 S. Kim, T. O. Keku, C. Martin, J. Galanko, J. T. Woosley, J. C. Schroeder, J. A. Satia, S. Halabi, and R. S. Sandler Circulating Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines and Risk of Colorectal Adenomas Cancer Res., January 1, 2008; 68(1): 323 - 328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. H St-Pierre, J.-P. Bastard, L. Coderre, M. Brochu, A. D Karelis, M.-E. Lavoie, F. Malita, J. Fontaine, D. Mignault, K. Cianflone, et al. Association of acylated ghrelin profiles with chronic inflammatory markers in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a MONET study Eur. J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2007; 157(4): 419 - 426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. S. Boekhoorn, J. R. Vingerling, J. C. M. Witteman, A. Hofman, and P. T. V. M. de Jong C-reactive Protein Level and Risk of Aging Macula Disorder: The Rotterdam Study Arch Ophthalmol, October 1, 2007; 125(10): 1396 - 1401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 I. Barutcu, A. T. Sezgin, N. Sezgin, H. Gullu, A. M. Esen, E. Topal, R. Ozdemir, F. Kosar, and S. Cehreli Increased High Sensitive CRP Level and Its Significance in Pathogenesis of Slow Coronary Flow Angiology, September 1, 2007; 58(4): 401 - 407. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 M Rosvall, G Engstrom, L Janzon, G Berglund, and B Hedblad The role of low grade inflammation as measured by C-reactive protein levels in the explanation of socioeconomic differences in carotid atherosclerosis Eur J Public Health, August 1, 2007; 17(4): 340 - 347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. M. Zhang, J. Lin, N. R. Cook, I-M. Lee, J. E. Manson, J. E. Buring, and P. M. Ridker C-Reactive Protein and Risk of Breast Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, June 6, 2007; 99(11): 890 - 894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Schaumberg, W. G. Christen, J. E. Buring, R. J. Glynn, N. Rifai, and P. M. Ridker High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, Other Markers of Inflammation, and the Incidence of Macular Degeneration in Women Arch Ophthalmol, March 1, 2007; 125(3): 300 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. R. Rudnicka, A. Rumley, G. D.O. Lowe, and D. P. Strachan Diurnal, Seasonal, and Blood-Processing Patterns in Levels of Circulating Fibrinogen, Fibrin D-Dimer, C-Reactive Protein, Tissue Plasminogen Activator, and von Willebrand Factor in a 45-Year-Old Population Circulation, February 27, 2007; 115(8): 996 - 1003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. Deutsch Evaluation of the Effect of Neptune Krill Oil on Chronic Inflammation and Arthritic Symptoms J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2007; 26(1): 39 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. A. Lakka, T. Rankinen, T. Rice, A. S. Leon, D. C. Rao, J. S. Skinner, and C. Bouchard Quantitative trait locus on chromosome 20q13 for plasma levels of C-reactive protein in healthy whites: the HERITAGE Family Study Physiol Genomics, October 11, 2006; 27(2): 103 - 107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Otani, M. Iwasaki, S. Sasazuki, M. Inoue, S. Tsugane, and Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Plasma C-reactive protein and risk of colorectal cancer in a nested case-control study: Japan public health center-based prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2006; 15(4): 690 - 695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Soinio, J. Marniemi, M. Laakso, S. Lehto, and T. Ronnemaa High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A 7-year follow-up study Diabetes Care, February 1, 2006; 29(2): 329 - 333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T Sturmer, E Raum, M Buchner, K Gebhardt, M Schiltenwolf, W Richter, and H Brenner Pain and high sensitivity C reactive protein in patients with chronic low back pain and acute sciatic pain Ann Rheum Dis, June 1, 2005; 64(6): 921 - 925. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Di Napoli, M. Schwaninger, R. Cappelli, E. Ceccarelli, G. Di Gianfilippo, C. Donati, H. C.A. Emsley, S. Forconi, S. J. Hopkins, L. Masotti, et al. Evaluation of C-Reactive Protein Measurement for Assessing the Risk and Prognosis in Ischemic Stroke: A Statement for Health Care Professionals From the CRP Pooling Project Members Stroke, June 1, 2005; 36(6): 1316 - 1329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. K. Larkin, C. L. Rosen, H. L. Kirchner, A. Storfer-Isser, J. L. Emancipator, N. L. Johnson, A. M. V. Zambito, R. P. Tracy, N. S. Jenny, and S. Redline Variation of C-Reactive Protein Levels in Adolescents: Association With Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Sleep Duration Circulation, April 19, 2005; 111(15): 1978 - 1984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. M. Zhang, J. E. Buring, I-M. Lee, N. R. Cook, and P. M. Ridker C-Reactive Protein Levels Are Not Associated with Increased Risk for Colorectal Cancer in Women Ann Intern Med, March 15, 2005; 142(6): 425 - 432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. L. Myers, N. Rifai, R. P. Tracy, W. L. Roberts, R. W. Alexander, L. M. Biasucci, J. D. Catravas, T. G. Cole, G. R. Cooper, B. V. Khan, et al. CDC/AHA Workshop on Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice: Report From the Laboratory Science Discussion Group Circulation, December 21, 2004; 110(25): e545 - e549. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. Sliwa, A. Woodiwiss, E. Libhaber, F. Zhanje, C. Libhaber, R. Motara, and R. Essop C-reactive protein predicts response to pentoxifylline in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy Eur J Heart Fail, October 1, 2004; 6(6): 731 - 734. [Full Text] [PDF]
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P Z Hrycaj, T Sturmer, H Brenner, W Koenig, and K P Gunther Systemic inflammation in osteoarthritis * Authors' reply Ann Rheum Dis, June 1, 2004; 63(6): 750 - 751. [Full Text]
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 H. K. Meier-Ewert, P. M. Ridker, N. Rifai, M. M. Regan, N. J. Price, D. F. Dinges, and J. M. Mullington Effect of sleep loss on C-Reactive protein, an inflammatory marker of cardiovascular risk J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 18, 2004; 43(4): 678 - 683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Orvieto, R. Chen, J. Ashkenazi, A. Ben-Harush, J. Bar, and B. Fisch C-reactive protein levels in patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF cycle Hum. Reprod., February 1, 2004; 19(2): 357 - 359. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T Sturmer, H Brenner, W Koenig, and K-P Gunther Severity and extent of osteoarthritis and low grade systemic inflammation as assessed by high sensitivity C reactive protein Ann Rheum Dis, February 1, 2004; 63(2): 200 - 205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. C.B. Tan, W.-S. Chow, S. Tam, R. Bucala, and J. Betteridge Association Between Acute-Phase Reactants and Advanced Glycation End Products in Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, January 1, 2004; 27(1): 223 - 228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. D. Sesso, J. E. Buring, N. Rifai, G. J. Blake, J. M. Gaziano, and P. M. Ridker C-Reactive Protein and the Risk of Developing Hypertension JAMA, December 10, 2003; 290(22): 2945 - 2951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Kinlay, G. G. Schwartz, A. G. Olsson, N. Rifai, S. J. Leslie, W. J. Sasiela, M. Szarek, P. Libby, P. Ganz, and for the Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggress High-Dose Atorvastatin Enhances the Decline in Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes in the MIRACL Study Circulation, September 30, 2003; 108(13): 1560 - 1566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. B. Ledue and N. Rifai Preanalytic and Analytic Sources of Variations in C-reactive Protein Measurement: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment Clin. Chem., August 1, 2003; 49(8): 1258 - 1271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. Carroll and D. S. Schade Timing of Antioxidant Vitamin Ingestion Alters Postprandial Proatherogenic Serum Markers Circulation, July 8, 2003; 108(1): 24 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. T.H. Yeh and J. T. Willerson Coming of Age of C-Reactive Protein: Using Inflammation Markers in Cardiology Circulation, January 28, 2003; 107(3): 370 - 371. [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. A. Pearson, G. A. Mensah, R. W. Alexander, J. L. Anderson, R. O. Cannon III, M. Criqui, Y. Y. Fadl, S. P. Fortmann, Y. Hong, G. L. Myers, et al. Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association Circulation, January 28, 2003; 107(3): 499 - 511. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. M. Ridker, N. Rifai, L. Rose, J. E. Buring, and N. R. Cook Comparison of C-Reactive Protein and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in the Prediction of First Cardiovascular Events N. Engl. J. Med., November 14, 2002; 347(20): 1557 - 1565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. L. Bhatt and E. J. Topol Need to Test the Arterial Inflammation Hypothesis Circulation, July 2, 2002; 106(1): 136 - 140. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. S.M. Shamsuzzaman, M. Winnicki, P. Lanfranchi, R. Wolk, T. Kara, V. Accurso, and V. K. Somers Elevated C-Reactive Protein in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Circulation, May 28, 2002; 105(21): 2462 - 2464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Libby, P. M. Ridker, and A. Maseri Inflammation and Atherosclerosis Circulation, March 5, 2002; 105(9): 1135 - 1143. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Frohlich, M. Sund, B. Thorand, W. L. Hutchinson, M. B. Pepys, and W. Koenig Lack of Seasonal Variation in C-Reactive Protein Clin. Chem., March 1, 2002; 48(3): 575 - 577. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. A Vickers, F. R Green, C. Terry, B. M Mayosi, C. Julier, M. Lathrop, P. J Ratcliffe, H. C Watkins, and B. Keavney Genotype at a promoter polymorphism of the interleukin-6 gene is associated with baseline levels of plasma C-reactive protein Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2002; 53(4): 1029 - 1034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. M. Ridker High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein : Potential Adjunct for Global Risk Assessment in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Circulation, April 3, 2001; 103(13): 1813 - 1818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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