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Articles |
1
Department of Immunology, The Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
2
The Binding Site, PO Box 4073, Birmingham B29 6AT,
United Kingdom.
a Author for correspondence. E-mail
a.r.bradwell{at}bham.ac.uk.
Background: Bence Jones proteins or monoclonal immunoglobulin 
and 
free light chains (FLCs) are important markers for
identifying and monitoring many patients with B-cell tumors. Automated
immunoassays that measure FLCs in urine and serum have considerable
clinical potential.
Methods: Sheep antibodies, specific for FLCs, were prepared by
immunization with pure and molecules and then adsorbed
extensively against whole immunoglobulins. The antibodies were
conjugated onto latex particles and used to assay and FLCs on
the Beckman IMMAGETM protein analyzer.
Results: The unconjugated antibodies showed minimal
cross-reactivity with intact immunoglobulins or other proteins. With
latex-conjugated antibodies, and FLCs could be measured in
normal sera and most normal urine samples. Patients with multiple
myeloma had increased concentrations of the relevant serum FLC, whereas
both FLCs were increased in the sera of patients with systemic lupus
erythematosus.
Conclusions: We developed sensitive, automated immunoassays for
and FLC measurements in serum and urine that should facilitate
the assessment of patients with light chain abnormalities.
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  R. B Fulton and S. L Fernando Serum free light chain assay reduces the need for serum and urine immunofixation electrophoresis in the evaluation of monoclonal gammopathy Ann Clin Biochem, September 1, 2009; 46(5): 407 - 412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. F. Keren Heavy/Light-Chain Analysis of Monoclonal Gammopathies Clin. Chem., September 1, 2009; 55(9): 1606 - 1608. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. R. Bradwell, S. J. Harding, N. J. Fourrier, G. L.F. Wallis, M. T. Drayson, H. D. Carr-Smith, and G. P. Mead Assessment of Monoclonal Gammopathies by Nephelometric Measurement of Individual Immunoglobulin {kappa}/{lambda} Ratios Clin. Chem., September 1, 2009; 55(9): 1646 - 1655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 I. I. van Gameren, M. H. van Rijswijk, J. Bijzet, E. Vellenga, and B. P. Hazenberg Histological regression of amyloid in AL amyloidosis is exclusively seen after normalization of serum free light chain Haematologica, August 1, 2009; 94(8): 1094 - 1100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. M. Giarin, L. Giaccone, R. Sorasio, C. Sfiligoi, B. Amoroso, F. Cavallo, A. Cipriani, A. Palumbo, and M. Boccadoro Serum Free Light Chain Ratio, Total {kappa}/{lambda} Ratio, and Immunofixation Results Are Not Prognostic Factors after Stem Cell Transplantation for Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Clin. Chem., August 1, 2009; 55(8): 1510 - 1516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Katzmann, R. A. Kyle, J. Benson, D. R. Larson, M. R. Snyder, J. A. Lust, S. V. Rajkumar, and A. Dispenzieri Screening Panels for Detection of Monoclonal Gammopathies Clin. Chem., August 1, 2009; 55(8): 1517 - 1522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. J.D. Robson, J. Taylor, C. Beardsmore, S. Basu, G. Mead, and T. Lovatt Utility of Serum Free Light Chain Analysis When Screening for Lymphoproliferative Disorders: The Experience at a District General Hospital in the United Kingdom Lab Med, June 1, 2009; 40(6): 325 - 329. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. A. Hutchison, A. R. Bradwell, M. Cook, K. Basnayake, S. Basu, S. Harding, J. Hattersley, N. D. Evans, M. J. Chappel, P. Sampson, et al. Treatment of Acute Renal Failure Secondary to Multiple Myeloma with Chemotherapy and Extended High Cut-Off Hemodialysis Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2009; 4(4): 745 - 754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Katzmann and A. Dispenzieri Screening Algorithms for Monoclonal Gammopathies Clin. Chem., November 1, 2008; 54(11): 1753 - 1755. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A. Hutchison, S. Harding, P. Hewins, G. P. Mead, J. Townsend, A. R. Bradwell, and P. Cockwell Quantitative Assessment of Serum and Urinary Polyclonal Free Light Chains in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2008; 3(6): 1684 - 1690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. R. Snyder, R. Clark, S. C. Bryant, and J. A. Katzmann Quantification of Urinary Light Chains Clin. Chem., October 1, 2008; 54(10): 1744 - 1746. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. T. Lynch, K. Ferrara, B. Barlogie, E. A. Coleman, J. F. Lynch, D. Weisenburger, W. Sanger, P. Watson, H. Nipper, V. Witt, et al. Familial Myeloma N. Engl. J. Med., July 10, 2008; 359(2): 152 - 157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Itzykson, M. Le Garff-Tavernier, S. Katsahian, M.-C. Diemert, L. Musset, and V. Leblond Serum-free light chain elevation is associated with a shorter time to treatment in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia Haematologica, May 1, 2008; 93(5): 793 - 794. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 F. Bergesio, A. M. Ciciani, M. Manganaro, G. Palladini, M. Santostefano, R. Brugnano, A. M. Di Palma, M. Gallo, A. Rosati, P. L. Tosi, et al. Renal involvement in systemic amyloidosis: An Italian collaborative study on survival and renal outcome Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2008; 23(3): 941 - 951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Bochtler, U. Hegenbart, C. Heiss, A. Benner, F. Cremer, M. Volkmann, J. Ludwig, J. B. Perz, A. D. Ho, H. Goldschmidt, et al. Evaluation of the serum-free light chain test in untreated patients with AL amyloidosis Haematologica, March 1, 2008; 93(3): 459 - 462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Dispenzieri, R. A. Kyle, J. A. Katzmann, T. M. Therneau, D. Larson, J. Benson, R. J. Clark, L. J. Melton III, M. A. Gertz, S. K. Kumar, et al. Immunoglobulin free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma Blood, January 15, 2008; 111(2): 785 - 789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Daval, A. Tridon, N. Mazeron, J.-M. Ristori, and B. Evrard Risk of Antigen Excess in Serum Free Light Chain Measurements Clin. Chem., November 1, 2007; 53(11): 1985 - 1986. [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Bergesio, A. M. Ciciani, M. Santostefano, R. Brugnano, M. Manganaro, G. Palladini, A. M. D. Palma, M. Gallo, P. L. Tosi, M. Salvadori, et al. Renal involvement in systemic amyloidosis--an Italian retrospective study on epidemiological and clinical data at diagnosis Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., June 1, 2007; 22(6): 1608 - 1618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. A. Hutchison, P. Cockwell, S. Reid, K. Chandler, G. P. Mead, J. Harrison, J. Hattersley, N. D. Evans, M. J. Chappell, M. Cook, et al. Efficient Removal of Immunoglobulin Free Light Chains by Hemodialysis for Multiple Myeloma: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2007; 18(3): 886 - 895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Dawson, S. Patil, and A. Spencer Extramedullary relapse of multiple myeloma associated with a shift in secretion from intact immunoglobulin to light chains Haematologica, January 1, 2007; 92(1): 143 - 144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J-E Gottenberg, F Aucouturier, J Goetz, C Sordet, I Jahn, M Busson, J-M Cayuela, J Sibilia, and X Mariette Serum immunoglobulin free light chain assessment in rheumatoid arthritis and primary Sjogren's syndrome Ann Rheum Dis, January 1, 2007; 66(1): 23 - 27. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. A. Katzmann, A. Dispenzieri, R. A. Kyle, M. R. Snyder, M. F. Plevak, D. R. Larson, R. S. Abraham, J. A. Lust, L. J. Melton III, and S. V. Rajkumar Elimination of the Need for Urine Studies in the Screening Algorithm for Monoclonal Gammopathies by Using Serum Immunofixation and Free Light Chain Assays Mayo Clin. Proc., December 1, 2006; 81(12): 1575 - 1578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Drayson, G. Begum, S. Basu, S. Makkuni, J. Dunn, N. Barth, and J. A. Child Effects of paraprotein heavy and light chain types and free light chain load on survival in myeloma: an analysis of patients receiving conventional-dose chemotherapy in Medical Research Council UK multiple myeloma trials Blood, September 15, 2006; 108(6): 2013 - 2019. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Katzmann Serum Free Light Chain Specificity and Sensitivity: A Reality Check Clin. Chem., September 1, 2006; 52(9): 1638 - 1639. [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. G. Hill, J. M. Forsyth, B. Rai, and S. Mayne Serum Free Light Chains: An Alternative to the Urine Bence Jones Proteins Screening Test for Monoclonal Gammopathies Clin. Chem., September 1, 2006; 52(9): 1743 - 1748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. M. S. Muller, A. Geibel, H. P. H. Neumann, A. Kuhnemund, A. Schmitt-Graff, J. Bohm, and M. Engelhardt Primary (AL) Amyloidosis in Plasma Cell Disorders Oncologist, July 1, 2006; 11(7): 824 - 830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Palladini, F. Lavatelli, P. Russo, S. Perlini, V. Perfetti, T. Bosoni, L. Obici, A. R. Bradwell, G. M. D'Eril, R. Fogari, et al. Circulating amyloidogenic free light chains and serum N-terminal natriuretic peptide type B decrease simultaneously in association with improvement of survival in AL Blood, May 15, 2006; 107(10): 3854 - 3858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Dispenzieri, M. Q. Lacy, J. A. Katzmann, S. V. Rajkumar, R. S. Abraham, S. R. Hayman, S. K. Kumar, R. Clark, R. A. Kyle, M. R. Litzow, et al. Absolute values of immunoglobulin free light chains are prognostic in patients with primary systemic amyloidosis undergoing peripheral blood stem cell transplantation Blood, April 15, 2006; 107(8): 3378 - 3383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Sviridov, B. Meilinger, S. K. Drake, G. T. Hoehn, and G. L. Hortin Coelution of Other Proteins with Albumin during Size-Exclusion HPLC: Implications for Analysis of Urinary Albumin Clin. Chem., March 1, 2006; 52(3): 389 - 397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. D. Jaskowski, C. M. Litwin, and H. R. Hill Detection of {kappa} and {lambda} Light Chain Monoclonal Proteins in Human Serum: Automated Immunoassay versus Immunofixation Electrophoresis Clin. Vaccine Immunol., February 1, 2006; 13(2): 277 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. R. Nowrousian, D. Brandhorst, C. Sammet, M. Kellert, R. Daniels, P. Schuett, M. Poser, S. Mueller, P. Ebeling, A. Welt, et al. Serum Free Light Chain Analysis and Urine Immunofixation Electrophoresis in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Clin. Cancer Res., December 15, 2005; 11(24): 8706 - 8714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Q. Lacy, W. J. Hogan, M. A. Gertz, A. Dispenzieri, S. V. Rajkumar, S. Hayman, S. Kumar, M. R. Litzow, and A. L. Schroeter Successful Treatment of Scleromyxedema With Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation Arch Dermatol, October 1, 2005; 141(10): 1277 - 1282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Brockhurst, K. P. G. Harris, and C. S. Chapman Diagnosis and monitoring a case of light-chain deposition disease in the kidney using a new, sensitive immunoassay Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., June 1, 2005; 20(6): 1251 - 1253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Herzum, H. Renz, and H. G. Wahl Immunochemical Quantification of Free Light Chains in Urine Clin. Chem., June 1, 2005; 51(6): 1033 - 1035. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Katzmann, R. S. Abraham, A. Dispenzieri, J. A. Lust, and R. A. Kyle Diagnostic Performance of Quantitative {kappa} and {lambda} Free Light Chain Assays in Clinical Practice Clin. Chem., May 1, 2005; 51(5): 878 - 881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Palladini, V. Perfetti, S. Perlini, L. Obici, F. Lavatelli, R. Caccialanza, R. Invernizzi, B. Comotti, and G. Merlini The combination of thalidomide and intermediate-dose dexamethasone is an effective but toxic treatment for patients with primary amyloidosis (AL) Blood, April 1, 2005; 105(7): 2949 - 2951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Fischer, B. Arneth, J. Koehler, J. Lotz, and K. J. Lackner Kappa Free Light Chains in Cerebrospinal Fluid as Markers of Intrathecal Immunoglobulin Synthesis Clin. Chem., October 1, 2004; 50(10): 1809 - 1813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. P. Mead, M. T. Drayson, H. D. Carr-Smith, and A. R. Bradwell Measurement of Immunoglobulin Free Light Chains in Serum Clin. Chem., November 1, 2003; 49(11): 1957 - 1958. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Tate, D. Gill, R. Cobcroft, and P. E. Hickman Practical Considerations for the Measurement of Free Light Chains in Serum Clin. Chem., August 1, 2003; 49(8): 1252 - 1257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Salomo, P. Gimsing, and L. B. Nielsen Simple Method for Quantification of Bence Jones Proteins Clin. Chem., December 1, 2002; 48(12): 2202 - 2207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Katzmann, R. J. Clark, R. S. Abraham, S. Bryant, J. F. Lymp, A. R. Bradwell, and R. A. Kyle Serum Reference Intervals and Diagnostic Ranges for Free {kappa} and Free {lambda} Immunoglobulin Light Chains: Relative Sensitivity for Detection of Monoclonal Light Chains Clin. Chem., September 1, 2002; 48(9): 1437 - 1444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Goldammer, K. Derfler, K. Herkner, A. R. Bradwell, W. H. Horl, and M. Haas Influence of plasma immunoglobulin level on antibody synthesis Blood, June 17, 2002; 100(1): 353 - 355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L. Comenzo and M. A. Gertz Autologous stem cell transplantation for primary systemic amyloidosis Blood, May 29, 2002; 99(12): 4276 - 4282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. S. Abraham, R. J. Clark, S. C. Bryant, J. F. Lymp, T. Larson, R. A. Kyle, and J. A. Katzmann Correlation of Serum Immunoglobulin Free Light Chain Quantification with Urinary Bence Jones Protein in Light Chain Myeloma Clin. Chem., April 1, 2002; 48(4): 655 - 657. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. Graziani, G. Merlini, A. R. Bradwell, M. T. Drayson, and G. P. Mead Measurement of Free Light Chains in Urine Drs. Bradwell, Drayson, and Mead respond: Clin. Chem., November 1, 2001; 47(11): 2069 - 2070. [Full Text] [PDF]
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