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1 Institute of Anatomy, Catholic University, I-00168 Rome, Italy.
2 Department of Pediatrics, Giannina Gaslini Children’s University Hospital, I-16148 Genoa, Italy
aAddress correspondence to this author at: Institute of Anatomy, Catholic University, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, I-00168 Rome, Italy. Fax 39-063054813; e-mail fabrizio.michetti{at}rm.unicatt.it.
The diagnosis of perinatal insults currently relies on adequate documentation of general medical and obstetric factors and on radiologic and laboratory assessments. The measurement of brain constituents such as S100B protein may offer an alternative and direct indicator of cell damage in the nervous system when clinical and radiologic assessments are still silent and has the additional advantage of providing a quantitative indicator of the extent of brain lesions. S100B protein has been measured by several immunoassays in biological fluids (i.e., cerebrospinal fluid, blood, amniotic fluid, and urine) from fetuses and newborns at high risk of perinatal brain damage. S100B protein in biological fluids increased at an early stage when standard monitoring procedures were still silent in the study populations that later developed brain damage. S100B concentration was also significantly correlated with the extent of brain lesions. S100B protein appears to satisfy the criteria for a marker for brain injuries in perinatal medicine: (a) simple to perform measurements with good reproducibility; (b) detection in a variety of biological fluids, possibly reducing perinatal stress related to testing; (c) possible use in longitudinal monitoring because of its 1-h half-life; and (d) well-established use as an early and quantitative marker of brain lesions/damage. Finally, because of the neurotrophic role putatively played by S100B, its measurement in biological fluids at pre-/perinatal ages makes it a candidate for the laboratory evaluation of brain maturation.
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  J. L. Pawluski, L. A.M. Galea, U. Brain, M. Papsdorf, and T. F. Oberlander Neonatal S100B Protein Levels After Prenatal Exposure to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Pediatrics, October 1, 2009; 124(4): e662 - e670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Garnier, A. Frigiola, G. Li Volti, P. Florio, R. Frulio, R. Berger, S. Alm, M. U. von Duering, A. B.C. Coumans, F. M. Reis, et al. Increased Maternal/Fetal Blood S100B Levels Following Systemic Endotoxin Administration and Periventricular White Matter Injury in Preterm Fetal Sheep Reproductive Sciences, August 1, 2009; 16(8): 758 - 766. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 E. Tskitishvili, Y. Komoto, K. Temma-Asano, S. Hayashi, Y. Kinugasa, H. Tsubouchi, M. Song, T. Kanagawa, K. Shimoya, and Y. Murata S100B protein expression in the amnion and amniotic fluid in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia Mol. Hum. Reprod., December 1, 2006; 12(12): 755 - 761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Delgado, J. Alvarez Sabin, E. Santamarina, C. A. Molina, M. Quintana, A. Rosell, and J. Montaner Plasma S100B Level After Acute Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Stroke, November 1, 2006; 37(11): 2837 - 2839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Florio, E. Marinoni, R. Di Iorio, M. Bashir, S. Ciotti, R. Sacchi, M. Bruschettini, M. Lituania, G. Serra, F. Michetti, et al. Urinary S100B Protein Concentrations Are Increased in Intrauterine Growth-Retarded Newborns Pediatrics, September 1, 2006; 118(3): e747 - e754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. Gazzolo, E. Marinoni, R. Di Iorio, M. Lituania, M. Marras, M. Bruschettini, P. Bruschettini, R. Frulio, F. Michetti, F. Petraglia, et al. High Maternal Blood S100B Concentrations in Pregnancies Complicated by Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Intraventricular Hemorrhage Clin. Chem., May 1, 2006; 52(5): 819 - 826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Larsson, M. Lipcsey, J. Sjolin, L.-O. Hansson, and M. B. Eriksson Slight Increase of Serum S-100B During Porcine Endotoxemic Shock May Indicate Blood-Brain Barrier Damage Anesth. Analg., November 1, 2005; 101(5): 1465 - 1469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Gazzolo, D. Grutzfeld, F. Michetti, A. Toesca, M. Lituania, M. Bruschettini, A. Dobrzanska, and P. Bruschettini Increased S100B in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Infants with Bacterial Meningitis: Relationship to Brain Damage and Routine Cerebrospinal Fluid Findings Clin. Chem., May 1, 2004; 50(5): 941 - 944. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. W. Heizmann S100B Protein in Clinical Diagnostics: Assay Specificity Clin. Chem., January 1, 2004; 50(1): 249 - 251. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. Gazzolo, E. Marinoni, R. Di Iorio, M. Bruschettini, M. Kornacka, M. Lituania, U. Majewska, G. Serra, and F. Michetti Measurement of Urinary S100B Protein Concentrations for the Early Identification of Brain Damage in Asphyxiated Full-term Infants Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, December 1, 2003; 157(12): 1163 - 1168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Gazzolo, M. Kornacka, M. Bruschettini, M. Lituania, L. Giovannini, G. Serra, U. Majewska, and F. Michetti Maternal Glucocorticoid Supplementation and S100B Protein Concentrations in Cord Blood and Urine of Preterm Infants Clin. Chem., July 1, 2003; 49(7): 1215 - 1218. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Gazzolo, F. Michetti, M. Bruschettini, N. Marchese, M. Lituania, S. Mangraviti, E. Pedrazzi, and P. Bruschettini Pediatric Concentrations of S100B Protein in Blood: Age- and Sex-related Changes Clin. Chem., June 1, 2003; 49(6): 967 - 970. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Gazzolo, M. Lituania, M. Bruschettini, P. Bruschettini, and F. Michetti S100B Protein Concentrations in Amniotic Fluid Are Higher in Monoamniotic than in Diamniotic Twins and Singleton Pregnancies Clin. Chem., June 1, 2003; 49(6): 997 - 999. [Full Text] [PDF]
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