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Reviews |
Departments of
1
Clinical Oncology and
2 Chemical Pathology,
3 Institute of Molecular Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
aAddress correspondence to this author at: Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong. E-mail pjjohnson{at}cuhk.edu.hk.
Background: There is a need for development of molecular markers of cancer that can be used clinically for the detection, prognostication, and monitoring of cancer. Recently, there has been much interest in the potential use of nucleic acid markers in plasma and serum for this purpose.
Approach: We reviewed published literature up to 2002 on the topic, with a particular emphasis on reports published between 1996 and 2002.
Content: The nucleic acid markers described in plasma and serum include oncogene mutations/amplifications, microsatellite alterations, and gene rearrangements. Such markers have been described in many cancer types, including lung, colon, and breast. Epigenetic alterations, such as aberrant promoter methylation, have been identified in plasma and serum. Viral nucleic acid markers, such as Epstein–Barr virus DNA in plasma and serum, are reviewed in detail with regard to their application to virus-associated cancers such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and various lymphomas. More recently, mitochondrial DNA and tumor-related mRNAs have been identified in plasma and serum from patients with several types of tumors.
Conclusions: Circulating nucleic acids are an emerging class of molecular tumor markers. Their wide applicability and clinical relationship with the malignant state will likely grant them increasing clinical importance in the near future.
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  P. J. Bastian, G. S. Palapattu, S. Yegnasubramanian, X. Lin, C. G. Rogers, L. A. Mangold, B. Trock, M. Eisenberger, A. W. Partin, and W. G. Nelson Prognostic Value of Preoperative Serum Cell-Free Circulating DNA in Men with Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy Clin. Cancer Res., September 15, 2007; 13(18): 5361 - 5367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 F. Wang, L. Wang, C. Briggs, E. Sicinska, S. M. Gaston, H. Mamon, M. H. Kulke, R. Zamponi, M. Loda, E. Maher, et al. DNA Degradation Test Predicts Success in Whole-Genome Amplification from Diverse Clinical Samples J. Mol. Diagn., September 1, 2007; 9(4): 441 - 451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Flamini, L. Mercatali, O. Nanni, D. Calistri, R. Nunziatini, W. Zoli, P. Rosetti, N. Gardini, A. Lattuneddu, G. M. Verdecchia, et al. Free DNA and Carcinoembryonic Antigen Serum Levels: An Important Combination for Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2006; 12(23): 6985 - 6988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Li, D. Elashoff, M. Oh, U. Sinha, M. A.R. St John, X. Zhou, E. Abemayor, and D. T. Wong Serum Circulating Human mRNA Profiling and Its Utility for Oral Cancer Detection J. Clin. Oncol., April 10, 2006; 24(11): 1754 - 1760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Garcia, J. M. Garcia, C. Pena, J. Silva, G. Dominguez, A. Hurtado, I. Alonso, R. Rodriguez, M. Provencio, and F. Bonilla Thymidylate synthase messenger RNA expression in plasma from patients with colon cancer: prognostic potential. Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2006; 12(7): 2095 - 2100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. C.K. Wong, R. W.K. Chiu, N. B.Y. Tsui, K.C. A. Chan, L. W. Chan, T. K. Lau, T. N. Leung, and Y.M. D. Lo Circulating Placental RNA in Maternal Plasma Is Associated with a Preponderance of 5' mRNA Fragments: Implications for Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis and Monitoring Clin. Chem., October 1, 2005; 51(10): 1786 - 1795. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. R. Gingeras, R. Higuchi, L. J. Kricka, Y.M. D. Lo, and C. T. Wittwer Fifty Years of Molecular (DNA/RNA) Diagnostics Clin. Chem., March 1, 2005; 51(3): 661 - 671. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. Fiegl, S. Millinger, E. Mueller-Holzner, C. Marth, C. Ensinger, A. Berger, H. Klocker, G. Goebel, and M. Widschwendter Circulating Tumor-Specific DNA: A Marker for Monitoring Efficacy of Adjuvant Therapy in Cancer Patients Cancer Res., February 15, 2005; 65(4): 1141 - 1145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S C C Wong, E S F Lo, and M T Cheung An optimised protocol for the extraction of non-viral mRNA from human plasma frozen for three years J. Clin. Pathol., July 1, 2004; 57(7): 766 - 768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Gifford, J. Paul, P. A. Vasey, S. B. Kaye, and R. Brown The Acquisition of hMLH1 Methylation in Plasma DNA after Chemotherapy Predicts Poor Survival for Ovarian Cancer Patients Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2004; 10(13): 4420 - 4426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. C. C. Wong, S. F. E. Lo, M. T. Cheung, K. O. E. Ng, C. W. Tse, B. S. P. Lai, K. C. Lee, and Y. M. D. Lo Quantification of Plasma {beta}-Catenin mRNA in Colorectal Cancer and Adenoma Patients Clin. Cancer Res., March 1, 2004; 10(5): 1613 - 1617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. El-Hefnawy, S. Raja, L. Kelly, W. L. Bigbee, J. M. Kirkwood, J. D. Luketich, and T. E. Godfrey Characterization of Amplifiable, Circulating RNA in Plasma and Its Potential as a Tool for Cancer Diagnostics Clin. Chem., March 1, 2004; 50(3): 564 - 573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Fosslien Mitochondrial Medicine - Cardiomyopathy Caused by Defective Oxidative Phosphorylation Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., October 1, 2003; 33(4): 371 - 395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. F. Eisenberger, W. T. Knoefel, M. Peiper, P. Merkert, E. F. Yekebas, P. Scheunemann, K. Steffani, N. H. Stoecklein, S. B. Hosch, and J. R. Izbicki Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus Can Be Detected by Microsatellite Analysis in Tumor and Serum Clin. Cancer Res., September 15, 2003; 9(11): 4178 - 4183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. W.K. Chiu, L. Y.S. Chan, N. Y.L. Lam, N. B.Y. Tsui, E. K.O. Ng, T. H. Rainer, and Y.M. D. Lo Quantitative Analysis of Circulating Mitochondrial DNA in Plasma Clin. Chem., May 1, 2003; 49(5): 719 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Manshouri, K.-a. Do, X. Wang, F. J. Giles, S. M. O'Brien, H. Saffer, D. Thomas, I. Jilani, H. M. Kantarjian, M. J. Keating, et al. Circulating CD20 is detectable in the plasma of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and is of prognostic significance Blood, April 1, 2003; 101(7): 2507 - 2513. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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