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1 LOCUS for Homocysteine and Related Vitamins, University of Bergen, Armauer Hansens Hus, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
2 Northern Ireland Centre for Diet and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA Northern Ireland.
3 Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland.
aAuthor for correspondence. Fax 47-55-974605; e-mail steinar.hustad{at}farm.uib.no.
Background: Vitamin B2 exists in blood as riboflavin and its cofactors, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and FAD. The erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRAC) has traditionally been used to assess vitamin B2 status in humans. We investigated the relationships of EGRAC and plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of riboflavin, FMN, and FAD in elderly volunteers and their responses to riboflavin administration.
Methods: EGRAC and plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of riboflavin, FMN, and FAD were determined in 124 healthy individuals with a mean age of 69 years. The same measurements were made in a subgroup of 46 individuals with EGRAC 
1.20 who participated in a randomized double-blind 12-week intervention study and received riboflavin (1.6 mg/day; n = 23) or placebo (n = 23).
Results: Median plasma concentrations were 10.5 nmol/L for riboflavin, 6.6 nmol/L for FMN, and 74 nmol/L for FAD. In erythrocytes, there were only trace amounts of riboflavin, whereas median FMN and FAD concentrations were 44 and 469 nmol/L, respectively. Erythrocyte FMN and FAD correlated with each other and with EGRAC and plasma riboflavin (P <0.05). All variables except plasma FAD responded significantly to riboflavin supplementation compared with placebo (P 
0.04). The strongest increases were for riboflavin in plasma (83%) and for FMN in erythrocytes (87%).
Conclusions: Concentrations of all B2 vitamers except plasma FAD are potential indicators of vitamin B2 status, and plasma riboflavin and erythrocyte FMN may be useful for the assessment of vitamin B2 status in population studies.
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  C. C. Marohnic, S. P. Panda, K. McCammon, J. Rueff, B. S. S. Masters, and M. Kranendonk Human Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase Deficiency Caused by the Y181D Mutation: Molecular Consequences and Rescue of Defect Drug Metab. Dispos., February 1, 2010; 38(2): 332 - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. J.P.M. Eussen, S. E. Vollset, S. Hustad, O. Midttun, K. Meyer, A. Fredriksen, P. M. Ueland, M. Jenab, N. Slimani, P. Ferrari, et al. Vitamins B2 and B6 and Genetic Polymorphisms Related to One-Carbon Metabolism as Risk Factors for Gastric Adenocarcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2010; 19(1): 28 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. Hoey, H. McNulty, and J. Strain Studies of biomarker responses to intervention with riboflavin: a systematic review Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2009; 89(6): 1960S - 1980S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J.-Y. Hautem, C. Morel, R. Couderc, and F. Moussa Liquid chromatographic determination of b2 vitamers in human plasma and whole blood. Clin. Chem., May 1, 2006; 52(5): 907 - 908. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Graham, J. M. Peerson, M. J. Haskell, R. K. Shrestha, K. H. Brown, and L. H. Allen Erythrocyte Riboflavin for the Detection of Riboflavin Deficiency in Pregnant Nepali Women Clin. Chem., November 1, 2005; 51(11): 2162 - 2165. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. G. LeBlanc, C. Burgess, F. Sesma, G. S. de Giori, and D. van Sinderen Ingestion of Milk Fermented by Genetically Modified Lactococcus lactis Improves the Riboflavin Status of Deficient Rats J Dairy Sci, October 1, 2005; 88(10): 3435 - 3442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Midttun, S. Hustad, E. Solheim, J. Schneede, and P. M. Ueland Multianalyte Quantification of Vitamin B6 and B2 Species in the Nanomolar Range in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Clin. Chem., July 1, 2005; 51(7): 1206 - 1216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Hustad, B. G Nedrebo, P. M. Ueland, J. Schneede, S. E. Vollset, A. Ulvik, and E. A Lien Phenotypic expression of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C->T polymorphism and flavin cofactor availability in thyroid dysfunction Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2004; 80(4): 1050 - 1057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Apeland, M. A. Mansoor, K. Pentieva, H. McNulty, and R. E. Strandjord Fasting and Post-Methionine Loading Concentrations of Homocysteine, Vitamin B2, and Vitamin B6 in Patients on Antiepileptic Drugs Clin. Chem., June 1, 2003; 49(6): 1005 - 1008. [Full Text] [PDF]
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