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1 Division of Molecular Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10021. Fax 212-794-3186; e-mail sanchezm{at}mskcc.org.
Background: Numerous markers have been described to correlate to some extent with tumor stage and prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. The power of many of these biomarkers in detecting superficial disease or predicting the clinical outcome of individual tumors is limited, and alternative markers are still in demand. High-throughput microarrays represent novel means for cancer research and tumor marker discovery.
Approach: The aim of this report was to discuss the application of DNA technologies to provide novel biomarkers for bladder cancer.
Content: Specific bladder tumor subtypes have distinct gene expression profiles. The use of high-throughput DNA microarrays allows identification of the most prevalent and relevant alterations within bladder tumors. Clusters of differentially expressed genes will become biomarkers to discriminate subgroups of patients with different histopathology or clinical outcome. Additionally, the identified individual molecular targets might be further validated and developed into novel serum or urinary biomarkers for the diagnosis and/or as prognostic factors to be applied in clinical practice. The diagnosis and prognosis of bladder cancer would be enhanced by the use of such markers, and the marker itself may constitute a therapeutic target when studied in appropriate patients and control groups.
Summary: Expression profiling with high-throughput DNA microarrays has the potential of providing critical clues for the management of bladder cancer patients. As the quality, standardization, and ease of use of the technology increase and the costs decrease, DNA microarrays will move from being a technology restricted to research to clinical laboratories in the near future.
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  H. Kawanishi, Y. Matsui, M. Ito, J. Watanabe, T. Takahashi, K. Nishizawa, H. Nishiyama, T. Kamoto, Y. Mikami, Y. Tanaka, et al. Secreted CXCL1 Is a Potential Mediator and Marker of the Tumor Invasion of Bladder Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2008; 14(9): 2579 - 2587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. B. Als, L. Dyrskjot, H. von der Maase, K. Koed, F. Mansilla, H. E. Toldbod, J. L. Jensen, B. P. Ulhoi, L. Sengelov, K. M.E. Jensen, et al. Emmprin and Survivin Predict Response and Survival following Cisplatin-Containing Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Bladder Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 2007; 13(15): 4407 - 4414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Blaveri, J. P. Simko, J. E. Korkola, J. L. Brewer, F. Baehner, K. Mehta, S. DeVries, T. Koppie, S. Pejavar, P. Carroll, et al. Bladder Cancer Outcome and Subtype Classification by Gene Expression Clin. Cancer Res., June 1, 2005; 11(11): 4044 - 4055. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. Koed, C. Wiuf, L.-L. Christensen, F. P. Wikman, K. Zieger, K. Moller, H. von der Maase, and T. F. Orntoft High-Density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array Defines Novel Stage and Location-Dependent Allelic Imbalances in Human Bladder Tumors Cancer Res., January 1, 2005; 65(1): 34 - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Halperin, A. Buhot, and E. B. Zhulina Hybridization Isotherms of DNA Microarrays and the Quantification of Mutation Studies Clin. Chem., December 1, 2004; 50(12): 2254 - 2262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Modlich, H.-B. Prisack, G. Pitschke, U. Ramp, R. Ackermann, H. Bojar, T. A. Vogeli, and M.-O. Grimm Identifying Superficial, Muscle-Invasive, and Metastasizing Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder: Use of cDNA Array Analysis of Gene Expression Profiles Clin. Cancer Res., May 15, 2004; 10(10): 3410 - 3421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. K. Cashion, C. J. Driscoll, and O. Sabek Emerging Genetic Technologies in Clinical and Research Settings Biol Res Nurs, January 1, 2004; 5(3): 159 - 167. [Abstract] [PDF]
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