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STARD Initiative |
1 Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center—University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2 Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903.
3 Clinical Chemistry, Washington, DC 20037.
4 Centre for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912.
5 Centre for General Practice, University of Queensland, Herston QLD 4006, Australia.
6 Department of Public Health & Community Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
7 Chalmers Research Group, Ottowa, Ontario, K1N 6M4 Canada.
8 Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118.
9 Journal of the American Medical Association, Chicago, IL 60610.
10 Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, Free University, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
aAddress correspondence to this author at: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center—University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Fax 31-20-6912683; e-mail p.m.bossuyt{at}amc.uva.nl.
The quality of reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy is less than optimal. Complete and accurate reporting is necessary to enable readers to assess the potential for bias in the study and to evaluate the generalisability of the results. A group of scientists and editors has developed the STARD (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy) statement to improve the reporting the quality of reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy. The statement consists of a checklist of 25 items and flow diagram that authors can use to ensure that all relevant information is present. This explanatory document aims to facilitate the use, understanding and dissemination of the checklist. The document contains a clarification of the meaning, rationale and optimal use of each item on the checklist, as well as a short summary of the available evidence on bias and applicability. The STARD statement, checklist, flowchart and this explanation and elaboration document should be useful resources to improve reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies. Complete and informative reporting can only lead to better decisions in healthcare.
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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N. Smidt, J. Overbeke, H. de Vet, and P. Bossuyt Endorsement of the STARD Statement by Biomedical Journals: Survey of Instructions for Authors Clin. Chem., November 1, 2007; 53(11): 1983 - 1985. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S Brealey and M Westwood Are you reading what we are reading? The effect of who interprets medical images on estimates of diagnostic test accuracy in systematic reviews Br. J. Radiol., August 1, 2007; 80(956): 674 - 677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Bizzaro, E. Tonutti, R. Tozzoli, and D. Villalta Analytical and Diagnostic Characteristics of 11 2nd- and 3rd-Generation Immunoenzymatic Methods for the Detection of Antibodies to Citrullinated Proteins Clin. Chem., August 1, 2007; 53(8): 1527 - 1533. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. P. Rossi, A. Belfiore, G. Bernini, G. Desideri, B. Fabris, C. Ferri, G. Giacchetti, C. Letizia, M. Maccario, F. Mallamaci, et al. Comparison of the Captopril and the Saline Infusion Test for Excluding Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma Hypertension, August 1, 2007; 50(2): 424 - 431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Mahoney and J. Ellison Assessing the Quality of Glucose Monitor Studies: A Critical Evaluation of Published Reports Clin. Chem., June 1, 2007; 53(6): 1122 - 1128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Coenen, P. Verschueren, R. Westhovens, and X. Bossuyt Technical and Diagnostic Performance of 6 Assays for the Measurement of Citrullinated Protein/Peptide Antibodies in the Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis Clin. Chem., March 1, 2007; 53(3): 498 - 504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. P. Rossi, G. Bernini, C. Caliumi, G. Desideri, B. Fabris, C. Ferri, C. Ganzaroli, G. Giacchetti, C. Letizia, M. Maccario, et al. A Prospective Study of the Prevalence of Primary Aldosteronism in 1,125 Hypertensive Patients J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 5, 2006; 48(11): 2293 - 2300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Kuhn, C. Prante, S. Schon, C. Gotting, and K. Kleesiek Measurement of Fibrosis Marker Xylosyltransferase I Activity by HPLC Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry Clin. Chem., December 1, 2006; 52(12): 2243 - 2249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Roposch, N. M. Moreau, E. Uleryk, and A. S. Doria Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: Quality of Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy for US Radiology, December 1, 2006; 241(3): 854 - 860. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Chappuis, S. Rijal, A. Soto, J. Menten, and M. Boelaert A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis BMJ, October 7, 2006; 333(7571): 723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. E. Fey Commentary on "Making Evidence-Based Decisions About Child Language Intervention in Schools" by Gillam and Gillam Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch, October 1, 2006; 37(4): 316 - 319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L Keating, J R Benger, R Beetham, S Bateman, S Veysey, J Kendall, and R Pullinger The PRIMA Study: presentation ischaemia-modified albumin in the emergency department. Emerg. Med. J., October 1, 2006; 23(10): 764 - 768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S Greco, E Girardi, A Navarra, and C Saltini Current evidence on diagnostic accuracy of commercially based nucleic acid amplification tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis Thorax, September 1, 2006; 61(9): 783 - 790. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M D Shields Diagnosing chronic cough in children. Thorax, August 1, 2006; 61(8): 647 - 648. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Shunmugam and A. Azuara-Blanco The quality of reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies in glaucoma using the heidelberg retina tomograph. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., June 1, 2006; 47(6): 2317 - 2323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Kline, M. S. Runyon, W. B. Webb, A. E. Jones, and A. M. Mitchell Prospective Study of the Diagnostic Accuracy of the Simplify D-dimer Assay for Pulmonary Embolism in Emergency Department Patients Chest, June 1, 2006; 129(6): 1417 - 1423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. A. Furukawa and G. H. Guyatt Sources of bias in diagnostic accuracy studies and the diagnostic process. Can. Med. Assoc. J., February 14, 2006; 174(4): 481 - 482. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. M. McShane, D. G. Altman, W. Sauerbrei, S. E. Taube, M. Gion, and G. M. Clark Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies J. Clin. Oncol., December 20, 2005; 23(36): 9067 - 9072. [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. H Rutten, K. G M Moons, M.-J. M Cramer, D. E Grobbee, N. P A Zuithoff, J.-W. J Lammers, and A. W Hoes Recognising heart failure in elderly patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care: cross sectional diagnostic study BMJ, December 10, 2005; 331(7529): 1379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. M. McShane, D. G. Altman, W. Sauerbrei, S. E. Taube, M. Gion, G. M. Clark, and for the Statistics Subcommittee of the NCI-EORTC W Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK) J Natl Cancer Inst, August 17, 2005; 97(16): 1180 - 1184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. Twomey, A. Viljoen, I. M. House, T. M. Reynolds, and A. S. Wierzbicki Relationship between Serum Copper, Ceruloplasmin, and Non-Ceruloplasmin-Bound Copper in Routine Clinical Practice Clin. Chem., August 1, 2005; 51(8): 1558 - 1559. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. W.S. Rutjes, J. B. Reitsma, J. P. Vandenbroucke, A. S. Glas, and P. M.M. Bossuyt Case-Control and Two-Gate Designs in Diagnostic Accuracy Studies Clin. Chem., August 1, 2005; 51(8): 1335 - 1341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Smidt, A. W. S. Rutjes, D. A. W. M. van der Windt, R. W. J. G. Ostelo, J. B. Reitsma, P. M. Bossuyt, L. M. Bouter, and H. C. W. de Vet Quality of Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies Radiology, May 1, 2005; 235(2): 347 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M A R Siddiqui, A Azuara-Blanco, and J Burr The quality of reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies published in ophthalmic journals Br. J. Ophthalmol., March 1, 2005; 89(3): 261 - 265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Rej Clinical Chemistry through Clinical Chemistry: A Journal Timeline Clin. Chem., December 1, 2004; 50(12): 2415 - 2458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Bossuyt, J. Frans, A. Hendrickx, G. Godefridis, R. Westhovens, and G. Marien Detection of Anti-SSA Antibodies by Indirect Immunofluorescence Clin. Chem., December 1, 2004; 50(12): 2361 - 2369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. D. de Kroon, L. A. Louwe, J. B. Trimbos, and F. W. Jansen The Clinical Value of 3-Dimensional Saline Infusion Sonography in Addition to 2-Dimensional Saline Infusion Sonography in Women With Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: Work in Progress J. Ultrasound Med., November 1, 2004; 23(11): 1433 - 1440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.L. van Westreenen, M. Westerterp, P.M.M. Bossuyt, J. Pruim, G.W. Sloof, J.J.B. van Lanschot, H. Groen, and J.Th.M. Plukker Systematic Review of the Staging Performance of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in Esophageal Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., September 15, 2004; 22(18): 3805 - 3812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. Zou From Diagnostic Accuracy to Accurate Diagnosis: Interpreting a Test Result with Confidence Med Decis Making, June 1, 2004; 24(3): 313 - 318. [Abstract] [PDF]
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W. P. Oosterhuis, D. E. Bruns, J. Watine, S. Sandberg, and A. R. Horvath Evidence-Based Guidelines in Laboratory Medicine: Principles and Methods Clin. Chem., May 1, 2004; 50(5): 806 - 818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. M.M. Bossuyt The Quality of Reporting in Diagnostic Test Research: Getting Better, Still Not Optimal Clin. Chem., March 1, 2004; 50(3): 465 - 466. [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. G.M. Moons, C. J. Biesheuvel, and D. E. Grobbee Test Research versus Diagnostic Research Clin. Chem., March 1, 2004; 50(3): 473 - 476. [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Lumbreras-Lacarra, J. M. Ramos-Rincon, and I. Hernandez-Aguado Methodology in Diagnostic Laboratory Test Research in Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Clin. Chem., March 1, 2004; 50(3): 530 - 536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Whiting, A. W.S. Rutjes, J. B. Reitsma, A. S. Glas, P. M.M. Bossuyt, and J. Kleijnen Sources of Variation and Bias in Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy: A Systematic Review Ann Intern Med, February 3, 2004; 140(3): 189 - 202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. M Bossuyt, J. B Reitsma, D. E Bruns, C. A Gatsonis, P. P Glasziou, L. M Irwig, J. G Lijmer, D. Moher, D. Rennie, and H. C. de Vet Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative Fam. Pract., February 1, 2004; 21(1): 4 - 10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. A. Dambinova, G. A. Khounteev, G. A. Izykenova, I. G. Zavolokov, A. Y. Ilyukhina, and A. A. Skoromets Blood Test Detecting Autoantibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Neuroreceptors for Evaluation of Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke Clin. Chem., October 1, 2003; 49(10): 1752 - 1762. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. G. Elmore, C. Y. Nakano, T. D. Koepsell, L. M. Desnick, C. J. D'Orsi, and D. F. Ransohoff International Variation in Screening Mammography Interpretations in Community-Based Programs J Natl Cancer Inst, September 17, 2003; 95(18): 1384 - 1393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Rothkrantz-Kos, M. P. van Dieijen-Visser, P. G.H. Mulder, and M. Drent Potential Usefulness of Inflammatory Markers to Monitor Respiratory Functional Impairment in Sarcoidosis Clin. Chem., September 1, 2003; 49(9): 1510 - 1517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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