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Special Report |
1 Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Northwest Lipid Research Laboratories, 2121 N. 35th St., Seattle, WA 98103.
2 Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Room A208 Botterell Hall, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
3 Vascular Biology Program, NIH/NHLBI/DHVD, 6701 Rockledge Dr., Room 10198, Bethesda, MD 20892.
aAuthor for correspondence. Fax 206-685-3279; e-mail smm{at}u.washington.edu.
It has been estimated that 
37% of the US population judged to be at high risk for developing coronary artery disease (CAD), based on the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines, have increased plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], whereas Lp(a) is increased in only 14% of those judged to be at low risk. Therefore, the importance of establishing a better understanding of the relative contribution of Lp(a) to the risk burden for CAD and other forms of vascular disease, as well as the underlying mechanisms, is clearly evident. However, the structural complexity and size heterogeneity of Lp(a) have hindered the development of immunoassays to accurately measure Lp(a) concentrations in plasma. The large intermethod variation in Lp(a) values has made it difficult to compare data from different clinical studies and to achieve a uniform interpretation of clinical data. A workshop was recently convened by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) to evaluate our current understanding of Lp(a) as a risk factor for atherosclerotic disorders; to determine how future studies could be designed to more clearly define the extent to which, and mechanisms by which, Lp(a) participates in these processes; and to present the results of the NHLBI-supported program for the evaluation and standardization of Lp(a) immunoassays. This report includes the most recent data presented by the workshop participants and the resulting practical and research recommendations.
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  J. Suk Danik, N. Rifai, J. E. Buring, and P. M. Ridker Lipoprotein(a), Hormone Replacement Therapy, and Risk of Future Cardiovascular Events. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 8, 2008; 52(2): 124 - 131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Berglund and E. Anuurad Role of Lipoprotein(a) in Cardiovascular Disease Current and Future Perspectives. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 8, 2008; 52(2): 132 - 134. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Bennet, E. Di Angelantonio, S. Erqou, G. Eiriksdottir, G. Sigurdsson, M. Woodward, A. Rumley, G. D. O. Lowe, J. Danesh, and V. Gudnason Lipoprotein(a) Levels and Risk of Future Coronary Heart Disease: Large-Scale Prospective Data Arch Intern Med, March 24, 2008; 168(6): 598 - 608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. R. Kamstrup, M. Benn, A. Tybjaerg-Hansen, and B. G. Nordestgaard Extreme Lipoprotein(a) Levels and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in the General Population: The Copenhagen City Heart Study Circulation, January 15, 2008; 117(2): 176 - 184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. M. Luke, J. P. Kane, D. M. Liu, C. M. Rowland, D. Shiffman, J. Cassano, J. J. Catanese, C. R. Pullinger, D. U. Leong, A. R. Arellano, et al. A Polymorphism in the Protease-Like Domain of Apolipoprotein(a) Is Associated With Severe Coronary Artery Disease Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2007; 27(9): 2030 - 2036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M.-J. Shin, P. J Blanche, R. S Rawlings, H. S Fernstrom, and R. M Krauss Increased plasma concentrations of lipoprotein(a) during a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet are associated with increased plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein C-III bound to apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2007; 85(6): 1527 - 1532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. T. Jones, A. M. van Rij, J. Cole, M. J.A. Williams, E. H. Bateman, S. M. Marcovina, M. Deng, and S. P.A. McCormick Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Indicates Risk for 4 Distinct Forms of Vascular Disease Clin. Chem., April 1, 2007; 53(4): 679 - 685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Suk Danik, N. Rifai, J. E. Buring, and P. M Ridker Lipoprotein(a), measured with an assay independent of apolipoprotein(a) isoform size, and risk of future cardiovascular events among initially healthy women. JAMA, September 20, 2006; 296(11): 1363 - 1370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. M. Sacks, A. Lichtenstein, L. Van Horn, W. Harris, P. Kris-Etherton, M. Winston, and for the American Heart Association Nutrition Commi Soy Protein, Isoflavones, and Cardiovascular Health: An American Heart Association Science Advisory for Professionals From the Nutrition Committee Circulation, February 21, 2006; 113(7): 1034 - 1044. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Pischon, C. J. Girman, F. M. Sacks, N. Rifai, M. J. Stampfer, and E. B. Rimm Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein B in the Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease in Men Circulation, November 29, 2005; 112(22): 3375 - 3383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. C. Longenecker, M. J. Klag, S. M. Marcovina, Y.-M. Liu, B. G. Jaar, N. R. Powe, N. E. Fink, A. S. Levey, and J. Coresh High Lipoprotein(a) Levels and Small Apolipoprotein(a) Size Prospectively Predict Cardiovascular Events in Dialysis Patients J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., June 1, 2005; 16(6): 1794 - 1802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. H. O'Neil, M. B. Boffa, M. A. Hancock, J. G. Pickering, and M. L. Koschinsky Stimulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration by Apolipoprotein(a) Is Dependent on Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Activation and on the Presence of Kringle IV Type 9 J. Biol. Chem., December 31, 2004; 279(53): 55187 - 55195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Berglund and R. Ramakrishnan Lipoprotein(a): An Elusive Cardiovascular Risk Factor Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 2004; 24(12): 2219 - 2226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Rifai, G. R. Cooper, W. V. Brown, W. Friedewald, R. J. Havel, G. L. Myers, and G. R. Warnick Clinical Chemistry Journal Has Contributed to Progress in Lipid and Lipoprotein Testing for Fifty Years Clin. Chem., October 1, 2004; 50(10): 1861 - 1870. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. K. Hermsmeyer, R. G. Mishra, D. Pavcnik, B. Uchida, M. K. Axthelm, F. Z. Stanczyk, K. A. Burry, D. R. Illingworth, J. C. Kaski, and F. J. Nordt Prevention of Coronary Hyperreactivity in Preatherogenic Menopausal Rhesus Monkeys by Transdermal Progesterone Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., May 1, 2004; 24(5): 955 - 961. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 A. von Eckardstein Is there a need for novel cardiovascular risk factors? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2004; 19(4): 761 - 765. [Full Text] [PDF]
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