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Automation and Analytical Techniques |
1 Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
2 Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
3 MediGene AG, Martinsried, Germany.
4 NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.
aAddress correspondence to this author at: Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Fax 49-6221-42-4932; e-mail t.waterboer{at}dkfz.de.
Background: More than 100 different human papillomaviruses (HPVs) can cause proliferative diseases, many of which are malignant, such as cervical cancer. HPV serology is complex because infection and disease lead to distinct type-specific antibody responses. Using bead-based technology, we have developed an assay platform that allows the simultaneous detection of antibodies against up to 100 in situ affinity–purified recombinant HPV proteins.
Methods: Twenty-seven HPV proteins were expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins and affinity-purified in one step by incubation of glutathione-displaying beads in bacterial lysate. Spectrally distinct bead sets, each carrying one particular antigen, were mixed, incubated with serum, and differentiated in a flow cytometer-like analyzer (xMAP; Luminex Corp). Antibodies bound to the antigens were detected via fluorescent secondary reagents. We studied 756 sera from 2 case-control studies of cervical cancer.
Results: Glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins bound with high affinity to glutathione-displaying beads (Kd = 6.9 x 10–9 mol/L). The dynamic range of multiplex serology covered 1.5 orders of magnitude, and antibodies were detected at serum dilutions >1:1 000 000. Imprecision (median CV) was 
5.4%, and assay reproducibility was high (R2 = 0.97). Results on clinical samples showed high concordance with ELISA (
= 0.846), but multiplex serology exhibited increased detection of weak antibody responses. Antibodies to the E6 oncoproteins of the rare HPV types 52 and 58 were associated with cervical cancer (P <0.001).
Conclusion: Multiplex serology enables antibody analyses of large numbers of sera against up to 100 antigens in parallel and has the potential to replace ELISA technology.
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  B. Dondog, G. M. Clifford, S. Vaccarella, T. Waterboer, D. Unurjargal, D. Avirmed, S. Enkhtuya, F. Kommoss, N. Wentzensen, P. J.F. Snijders, et al. Human Papillomavirus Infection in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: A Population-Based Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2008; 17(7): 1731 - 1738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Z. Rizk, N. D. Christensen, K. M. Michael, M. Muller, P. Sehr, T. Waterboer, and M. Pawlita Reactivity pattern of 92 monoclonal antibodies with 15 human papillomavirus types J. Gen. Virol., January 1, 2008; 89(1): 117 - 129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Andersson, T. Waterboer, R. Kirnbauer, K. Slupetzky, T. Iftner, E.-M. de Villiers, O. Forslund, M. Pawlita, and J. Dillner Seroreactivity to Cutaneous Human Papillomaviruses among Patients with Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer or Benign Skin Lesions Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2008; 17(1): 189 - 195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. A.M. Heideman, T. Waterboer, M. Pawlita, P. Delis-van Diemen, I. Nindl, J. A. Leijte, J. M.G. Bonfrer, S. Horenblas, C. J.L.M. Meijer, and P. J.F. Snijders Human Papillomavirus-16 Is the Predominant Type Etiologically Involved in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma J. Clin. Oncol., October 10, 2007; 25(29): 4550 - 4556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. M. Clifford, H.-R. Shin, J.-K. Oh, T. Waterboer, Y.-H. Ju, S. Vaccarella, W. Quint, M. Pawlita, and S. Franceschi Serologic Response to Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Types in Male and Female University Students in Busan, South Korea Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2007; 16(9): 1874 - 1879. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. J. Johnson, R. C. Cheshier, G. Cosentino, H. P. Masri, V. Mock, R. Oesterle, R. S. Lanciotti, D. A. Martin, A. J. Panella, O. Kosoy, et al. Validation of a Microsphere-Based Immunoassay for Detection of Anti-West Nile Virus and Anti-St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Immunoglobulin M Antibodies Clin. Vaccine Immunol., September 1, 2007; 14(9): 1084 - 1093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Sehr, M. Pawlita, and J. Lewis Evaluation of Different Glutathione S-Transferase-Tagged Protein Captures for Screening E6/E6AP Interaction Inhibitors Using AlphaScreen(R) J Biomol Screen, June 1, 2007; 12(4): 560 - 567. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 M. R. Karagas, H. H. Nelson, P. Sehr, T. Waterboer, T. A. Stukel, A. Andrew, A. C. Green, J. N. Bouwes Bavinck, A. Perry, S. Spencer, et al. Human papillomavirus infection and incidence of squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas of the skin. J Natl Cancer Inst, March 15, 2006; 98(6): 389 - 395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Schmitt, I. G. Bravo, P. J. F. Snijders, L. Gissmann, M. Pawlita, and T. Waterboer Bead-Based Multiplex Genotyping of Human Papillomaviruses J. Clin. Microbiol., February 1, 2006; 44(2): 504 - 512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Dillner Toward "Serolomics": Papillomavirus Serology Is Taking a Technologic Lead in High-Throughput Multiplexed Antibody Analysis Clin. Chem., October 1, 2005; 51(10): 1768 - 1769. [Full Text] [PDF]
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