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1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, St. Vincent’s University Hospital; UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin; and Dublin Molecular Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland.
Address for correspondence: Department of Nuclear Medicine, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland. Fax 353-1-2696018; e-mail Michael.J.Duffy{at}ucd.ie.
Abstract
Background: Although multiple serum-based tumor markers have been described for breast cancer, such as CA 15-3, BR 27.29 (CA27.29), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), tissue polypeptide antigen, tissue polypeptide specific antigen, and HER-2 (the extracellular domain), the most widely used are CA 15-3 and CEA.
Methods: The literature relevant to serum tumor markers in breast cancer was reviewed. Particular attention was given to systematic reviews, prospective randomized trials, and guidelines issued by expert panels.
Results: Because of a lack of sensitivity for early disease and lack of specificity, none of the available markers is of value for the detection of early breast cancer. High preoperative concentrations of CA 15-3 are, however, associated with adverse patient outcome. Although serial determinations of tumor markers after primary treatment for breast cancer can preclinically detect recurrent/metastatic disease with lead times of 
2–9 months, the clinical value of this lead time remains to be determined. Serum markers, however, are the only validated approach for monitoring treatment in patients with advanced disease that cannot be evaluated by use of conventional criteria.
Conclusions: CA 15-3 is one of the first circulating prognostic factors for breast cancer. Preoperative concentrations thus might be combined with existing prognostic factors for predicting outcome in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer. At present, the most important clinical application of CA 15-3 is in monitoring therapy in patients with advanced breast cancer that is not assessable by existing clinical or radiologic procedures.
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