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Clinical Chemistry 52: 601-623, 2006. First published February 16, 2006; 10.1373/clinchem.2005.061408
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(Clinical Chemistry. 2006;52:601-623.)
© 2006 American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Inc.

Reviews

Biomarkers of Oxidative Damage in Human Disease

Isabella Dalle-Donne1,a, Ranieri Rossi2, Roberto Colombo1, Daniela Giustarini2 and Aldo Milzani1

1 Department of Biology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
2 Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.

aAddress correspondence to this author at: Department of Biology, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Fax 39-02-50314781; e-mail quack{at}unimi.it.

Oxidative/nitrosative stress, a pervasive condition of increased amounts of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, is now recognized to be a prominent feature of many acute and chronic diseases and even of the normal aging process. However, definitive evidence for this association has often been lacking because of recognized shortcomings with biomarkers and/or methods available to assess oxidative stress status in humans. Emphasis is now being placed on biomarkers of oxidative stress, which are objectively measured and evaluated as indicators of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to therapeutic intervention. To be a predictor of disease, a biomarker must be validated. Validation criteria include intrinsic qualities such as specificity, sensitivity, degree of inter- and intraindividual variability, and knowledge of the confounding and modifying factors. In addition, characteristics of the sampling and analytical procedures are of relevance, including constraints and noninvasiveness of sampling, stability of potential biomarkers, and the simplicity, sensitivity, specificity, and speed of the analytical method. Here we discuss some of the more commonly used biomarkers of oxidative/nitrosative damage and include selected examples of human studies.




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