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Clinical Chemistry 53: 581-586, 2007. First published February 8, 2007; 10.1373/clinchem.2006.077503
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Right arrow Molecular Diagnostics and Genetics
(Clinical Chemistry. 2007;53:581-586.)
© 2007 American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Inc.

Molecular Diagnostics and Genetics

Real-time PCR Assay for Ultrasensitive Quantification of DNA-Binding Proteins

Peng Hou1,2,a,2, Zaozao Chen1,2, Meiju Ji1, Nongyue He1 and Zuhong Lu1,a

1 Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory, Department of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.

aAddress correspondence to this author at: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument St., Suite 333, Baltimore, MD 21287. E-mail: phou2{at}jhmi.edu. Correspondence may also be addressed to Prof. Zuhong Lu, Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory, Department of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China. Fax 86-25-83619983; e-mail zhlu{at}seu.edu.cn.

Background: The specific binding of proteins to DNA is a key step for many cellular activities, such as transcription regulation, DNA replication, recombination, repair, and restriction. The detection of DNA-binding proteins, as well as the identification of specific binding sites, is therefore important to understand gene expression mechanisms and cellular function. We describe an ultrasensitive method for quantification of DNA-binding proteins.

Methods: We combined the common exonuclease III (ExoIII) footprinting assay and real-time PCR for quantification of DNA-binding proteins, for an assay that does not require antibodies against the target proteins. Double-strand DNA probes were designed to monitor the activities of DNA-binding protein. The protein-binding site is at the 5' end of the forward primer. When a target protein is present, it will specifically bind to the protein-binding site and produce a physical hindrance to ExoIII, which protects the reverse DNA strand from digestion by ExoIII. The remaining single-strand DNA template can be quantitatively detected by real-time PCR. Conversely, in the absence of the target protein, the naked primer regions will be degraded by ExoIII, which then cannot be amplified by real-time PCR.

Results: We detected the binding of 10 different transcription factors in crude cell extracts. The assay quantitatively detected binding at femtomolar concentrations of protein.

Conclusions: This technique is customizable and easy to establish. It has potential applications in research, medical diagnosis, and drug discovery.






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Copyright © 2007 by the American Association for Clinical Chemistry.