Clinical Chemistry
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Clinical Chemistry 55: 454-462, 2009. First published January 23, 2009; 10.1373/clinchem.2008.117093
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(Clinical Chemistry. 2009;55:454-462.)
© 2009 American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Inc.

Drug Monitoring and Toxicology

Disposition of MDMA and Metabolites in Human Sweat Following Controlled MDMA Administration

Allan J. Barnes1, Bruno S. De Martinis3, David A. Gorelick2, Robert S. Goodwin1, Erin A. Kolbrich1,4 and Marilyn A. Huestis1,a

1 Chemistry and Drug Metabolism and 2 Office of Scientific Director, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore MD; 3 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Center of Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; 4 Institute of Forensic Sciences, Medical Examiners Office/Crime Investigation Lab, Dallas County, Dallas, Texas.

aAddress correspondence to this author at: Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd. Suite 200 Room 05A-721, Baltimore, MD 21224. E-mail mhuestis{at}intra.nida.nih.gov.

Background: Understanding the excretion of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and metabolites in sweat is vital for interpretation of sweat tests in drug treatment, criminal justice, and workplace programs.

Methods: Placebo, low (1.0 mg/kg), and high (1.6 mg/kg) doses of oral MDMA were given double-blind in random order to healthy volunteers (n = 15) with histories of MDMA use. Participants resided on the closed clinical research unit for up to 7 days after each dose. Volunteers wore PharmChek® sweat patches (n = 640) before, during, and after controlled dosing. Patches were analyzed by solid phase extraction and GC-MS for MDMA, methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA). Limits of quantification (LOQ) were 2.5 ng/patch for MDMA and 5 ng/patch for HMA, HMMA, and MDA.

Results: MDMA was the primary analyte detected in 382 patches (59.7%), with concentrations up to 3007 ng/patch. MDA was detected in 188 patches (29.4%) at <172 ng/patch, whereas no HMMA or HMA was detected; 224 patches (35.0%) and 60 patches (9.4%) were positive for MDMA and MDA, respectively, at the 25-ng/patch threshold proposed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Conclusions: Sweat testing was shown to be an effective and reliable method for monitoring MDMA use in this controlled MDMA administration study. However, variability in sweat excretion suggests that results should be interpreted qualitatively rather than quantitatively. These data provide a scientific database for interpretation of MDMA sweat test results.






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