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Effects of Midstream Collection and the Menstrual Cycle on Urine Particles and Dipstick Urinalysis among Healthy Females

¹ College of Medical Technology, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
Departments of
² Laboratory Medicine and
³ Pediatrics, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North-14, West-5, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan

⁴ Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan

^aauthor for correspondence: fax 81-11-706-4916, e-mail mie@cme.hokudai.ac.jp

The first 20% of the full text of this article appears below.

For urinalysis, midstream collection is recommended (1)(2)(3). Health-associated reference limits for leukocyte and erythrocyte counts in female urine are important for detecting hematuria, pyuria, and urinary tract infection (3). To understand the effects of urinary collection and the menstrual cycle on urinalysis, we examined first-stream and midstream urine samples from healthy female students with use of an automated dipstick reader and the fully automated urine cell analyzer, UF-100.

Specimens were obtained from 64 healthy female students (age range, 18–20 years) at the College of Medical Technology. All were asymptomatic and had no extant urologic disease. They were instructed to collect only first and midstream urine samples in sterile containers at the same time and not to wipe or spread the labia. The volume of the first urine was measured, and the specimen was analyzed within 2 h. The students provided written, informed consent to participate in the study as well as information about their menstrual cycles. Specimens were classified into four groups according to the number of days after menstruation as follows: menstrual (1–7 days after menstruation; n = 15), follicular (8–15 days after menstruation; n = 21), ovulatory (16–19 days after menstruation; n = 6), and luteal (20–31 days after menstruation; n = 22).

Particles in the urine were analyzed by use of a . . . [Full Text of this Article]

The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:

				M. Morimoto, H. Yanai, and K. Matsuno Morphologic Changes in Urine Particles during the Menstrual Cycle Clin. Chem., June 1, 2005; 51(6): 1081 - 1082. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Froom, R. Etzion, and M. Barak What Is an Abnormal Test Strip Urinary Erythrocyte Concentration? Clin. Chem., March 1, 2004; 50(3): 673 - 675. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Chan, A. Ong, M. Schoenberg, M. S. Parmar, R. A. Cohen, and R. S. Brown Microscopic Hematuria N. Engl. J. Med., September 25, 2003; 349(13): 1292 - 1293. [Full Text] [PDF]