| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Technical Briefs |
1
Univ. of Cincinnati Med. Cntr., Dept. of Emergency Med., 1509 Med. Sci. Bldg., P.O. Box 670769, 231 Bethesda Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45267-0769;
2
Joint Military Med. Cntrs. Emergency. Med. Residency and
3
Dept. of Pathol., Wilford Hall Med. Cntr., San Antonio, TX;
a author for correspondence: fax 513-558-4599, e-mail alstorrow{at}aol.com
1 Despite its structural similarity to opiates, the effect of therapeutic nalmefene hydrochloride use on subsequent urine toxicologic screening has not been reported. We undertook a prospective double-blinded trial to determine if a single intravenous dose of nalmefene would produce a falsely positive urine opiate screen.
Nalmefene hydrochloride (Revex®, Baker Norton Pharmaceuticals) received FDA approval as an opiate reversal agent on April 17, 1995. Like naloxone, it has no opiate agonist properties and, therefore, no abuse potential (1)(2). Both medications work by antagonizing opiate receptors, although nalmefene has a slower clearance and a longer duration of action (1)(3)(4)(5)(6).
Nalmefene, like naloxone, is structurally similar to opiates (Fig. 1
) (7). Concern has been raised over the potential
for such medications to cross-react with enzymatic urine drug screens
(8)(9). These common screens rely on a portion
of a drug's structure as an antigenic site to determine positivity.
Because the use of urine drug screening is widespread both in and
outside of clinical practice, faulty results may carry serious
consequences.
|
Nalmefene undergoes glucuronide conjugation in the liver and is primarily excreted in the urine. Less than 5% is excreted unchanged (3). It is also metabolized to trace amounts of an N-dealkylated metabolite. Nalmefene glucuronide is inactive, whereas the N-dealkylated metabolite has minimal pharmacological activity. Its terminal elimination half-life is 10.8 ± 5.2 h (3)(6)(10).
Cross-reactivity of nalmefene metabolites in opiate immunoassays has not been reported. We used the urine enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique II (Emit II; Behring Diagnostics) system for our opiate screening, a commonly used system for drugs-of-abuse testing. Our null hypothesis was that a standard 2-mg intravenous dose of nalmefene would not produce a falsely positive Emit II opiate drug screen in healthy volunteers.
The study protocol and informed consent document were approved by the local Institutional Review Board. Twenty-five healthy adult volunteers, ages 20–41 (mean ± SD = 27.3 ± 5.9), were given either 2 mg of intravenous nalmefene (concentration = 1 mg/mL, undiluted total = 2 cc) or 4 mg of intravenous morphine (concentration = 5 mg/mL, 0.8 mL morphine 1.2 mL normal saline, diluted total = 2cc) at separate times 1 week apart in a double-blinded crossover fashion. Exclusion criteria included a positive preadministration urine Emit II screen; sensitivity to nalmefene or morphine; pregnancy; lactation; history of drug or alcohol abuse; or any underlying kidney, pulmonary, cardiac, psychiatric, or neurologic disease.
Each volunteer was randomly numbered, underwent a preadministration urine Emit II screen, and was eliminated from analysis if this screen was positive (the Emit II assay tests for amphetamine, barbiturate, benzodiazepine, cannabinoid, cocaine metabolite, methadone, methaqualone, opiate, phencyclidine, and propoxyphene). Urine samples were obtained at 30 min, 8 h, and 24 h after administration.
Urine samples were tested with the Emit II assay and the Syva
ETS® (Emit Testing System) automated analyzer system.
The manufacturer's instructions (11) were followed.
Although the Emit II screen is primarily qualitative, the absorbance
change value (
A) provides semiquantitative numerical
results. A A of zero was the calibrator cutoff to
distinguish between a morphine concentration of 
300 µg/L (positive
sample) and <300 µg/L (negative sample). A negative sample is
interpreted as not containing morphine, or containing morphine in a
concentration below the assay's cutoff concentration
(11). Testing was done on nine separate days in October
and November of 1996. All initially positive opiate screens were
repeated by a second Emit II test from another urine sample aliquot.
Data were analyzed by Excel (Microsoft, version 5.0c) and reported
descriptively. The mean semiquantitative numerical absorbance changes
from the four time periods associated with nalmefene administration
were compared with repeated-measures ANOVA involving NCSS statistical
software (NCSS, version 6.0.13). Significance was at 
= 0.05.
Twenty of 25 volunteers completed the protocol. The five subjects dropped from the protocol were those who did not obtain urine samples at all time points. Four subjects missed urine collection at 24 h and one subject missed urine collection at 8 h. The data from these subjects were eliminated from the final analysis.
All urine screens after nalmefene were negative for opiates at all time points. All 30-min, 16 8-h, and five 24-h screens after morphine were opiate positive. There was no discrepancy in the opiate-positive samples during repeat testing. The eliminated data from the five subjects not completing the protocol were consistent with these results.
The absorbance changes for all samples are presented in Table 1
. The means and SDs for the A associated with time
periods after nalmefene administration (pretest, 30 min, 8 h, and
24 h) were not significantly different by repeated-measures ANOVA
(P = 0.384).
|
A post hoc power analysis was based on the means of negative and positive controls determined at the start of each testing day. For the variability between negative controls and the calibrator cutoff for a positive sample, n = 20 provides a power of >0.99 at 95% confidence to separate a positive from a negative sample.
Nalmefene's long duration of action may be an advantage for reversing longer-acting opiates, by requiring less frequent dosing and by reducing the likelihood of renarcotization (4)(5)(6).
The 2-mg nalmefene dose was chosen to represent the maximum amount that might be generally considered for management of known or suspected opiate overdose in non-opiate-dependent patients. For this indication, the manufacturer's recommendation is 0.5 mg/70 kg, followed by, if needed, 1.0 mg/70 kg (1). Morphine was used as a control to show that our subjects would indeed have positive screening if given a known opiate. Four milligrams was chosen as an intravenous dose likely to be positive at 30 min. As expected, the screens after morphine were not all positive at 8 and 24 h. Intravenous morphine has a half-life of 1.5–2 h and would only be consistently positive at 30 min.
Unchanged naloxone, at a concentration of 150 mg/L, has been tested by the manufacturer and shown not to cross-react with the Emit II assay (11). Naloxone metabo-lites, after intravenous doses of 2 mg and 4 mg, were not associated with positive Emit II screens in a human study (8). Despite its structural similarity to opiates, neither nalmefene nor its metabolites found in human urine have ever been reported to cause falsely positive drug screens (Medline 1986–present). This information would be useful to a patient's medical caretaker, or to personnel who might administer a urine drug screen after nalmefene use. The military has been using random urine drug screens for many years. Such screening is now common in the civilian workplace, for both preemployment and postaccident information.
This study was limited by the use of a single testing assay. Although the Emit II system is commonly used worldwide, there are other systems used to evaluate drugs in urine. For instance, the Abbott ADX system (Abbott Labs.) lists naloxone as a possible cross-reactant with opiates. This study only investigated a single 2-mg dose of nalmefene in healthy volunteers. Urine concentrations can vary extensively with fluid intake and other metabolic variables. Although the chosen nalmefene dose was high, no conclusions on larger doses, multiple doses, or in patients with hepatic impairment can be made.
Because nalmefene is structurally similar to opiates, and its metabolites are excreted in the urine, the potential to cause false-positive urine drug screens is of concern. Our data suggest that a 2-mg intravenous dose of nalmefene is unlikely to cause falsely positive urine opiate screens up to 24 h after administration.
Acknowledgments
We thank John T. Cody for his valuable assistance in manuscript preparation.
Footnotes
1 4 This work was presented at the Society For Academic Emergency Medicine Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, May 1997; Society of Air Force Clinical Surgeons 44th Annual Symposium, Sacramento, CA, April 1997; and the Joint Services Symposium: Emergency Medicine on the Riverwalk, San Antonio, TX, March 1997. The opinions and assertions contained herein are those of the authors and do not reflect the opinions of the Department of the Air Force, Department of the Army, or Department of Defense. 
References
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
|
|
 |
|
  G. M. Reisfield, E. Salazar, and R. L. Bertholf Rational Use and Interpretation of Urine Drug Testing in Chronic Opioid Therapy Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., January 1, 2007; 37(4): 301 - 314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
