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Technical Briefs |
1
California Department of Health Services, Genetic Disease Laboratory, 700 Heinz Ave., Suite 100, Berkeley, CA 94710, and
2
California Department of Health Services, Genetic Disease Branch, Berkeley, CA 94704;
The California newborn screening program requires that all newborns be screened for selected hemoglobinopathies. Dried blood spot (DBS) specimens are analyzed using an automated 2-min cation-gradient HPLC method that is sensitive and specific (1)(2). The standardized method selected by the State allows the screening program to match the quantitative analytical performance of the assay at eight private contract laboratories and a central laboratory. Information technology is designed to derive phenotypes automatically and to use quantitative acceptability limits for quality control and proficiency testing.
The distribution of hemoglobin (Hb) quantities determined by
cation-exchange HPLC in cord blood specimens has been published
previously (3)(4). We have determined the frequency
distributions for the analysis of DBS specimens using the rapid HPLC
screening method. In this study, we examined screening data reported on
4 million nontransfused newborns tested within 2 days of birth. The
frequency distributions were determined for the percentages of Hb
concentrations in 14 phenotypes containing Hbs F, A, S, C, E, and D.
The frequency distributions are available on request. The medians only
are given in Table 1
.
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The percent concentrations in the current study are lower than the
published cord blood data by 15% for all Hb F and by a median 36% for
the Hb in other hetero- and homozygous patterns (range, 22–40%). This
may be caused by differences in the HPLC methodology and by chemical
degradation of Hb during formation of the dried blood spots
(5)(6). Approximately 28–34% of the total area of the DBS
chromatograms is eluted before the quantified species F, A, S, C, E,
and D. These rapidly eluted species include unidentified degradation
products and F1, as well as a compound that
elutes, in some samples, at the void volume and is correlated with Hb
Barts (leftmost peak in the dashed curve in Fig. 1
).
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The relationships found among the concentrations of adult Hbs in carrier patterns are consistent with published cord blood data. As a fraction of the total adult Hb present in the newborn blood spots, the results are 0.41–0.45 for Hbs S, C, and D in patterns FAS, FAC, and FAD, and 0.27 for Hb E in FAE.
The chromatographic integration parameters have been adjusted to assure that all Hbs are reported in the pattern when the concentrations exceed 1% for Hbs F, A, E, and D and 0.5% for Hbs S and C (1). In the event that concentrations are below the limits, the software will continue to include the Hb in the pattern as long as the signal-to-noise criteria are satisfied (1). We have found that the one-percentile tails of the Hb frequency distributions are located above the specification limits in most cases. The one-percentile tail for Hb E in FAE, 0.7%, is not far below the detection limit of 1%, and we expect the Hb E to be reported accurately in the large majority of specimens. In the FSa patterns for S/ß+-thalassemia, the median Hb S is 5.1% and Hb A is 0.9%. Thus, one-half the detected Hb A in FSa patterns is below the specification of 1% for the detection limit. For this reason, we expect that many cases of S/ß+-thalassemia will be misclassified as FS. (Because all newborns with FS patterns are referred to follow-up, the differential diagnosis is made there.)
Typically, the shape of the frequency distributions and the relative standard deviations are approximated by a gaussian fit and are similar for the Hb concentrations in most patterns. However, anomalies were found in patterns FC and FAD. In FC patterns, the concentration of Hb C is unusually high at the 95th to 99th percentiles. In a span of 5 years, five of the eight specimens with the most Hb C were collected and tested at one clinical site. We have not been able to identify an analytical or demographic variable that would explain the high results, and more investigation is needed.
The frequency distributions for FAD show tails at the low end for Hb F
and the high end for Hb A. These unexpected distributions are caused by
nonspecificity of the HPLC method. True FAD patterns have a ratio of Hb
D/Hb A similar to unity and always >0.5 (solid curve in Fig. 1
). In
the tails of the distributions for Hbs F and A, the chromatograms have
a ratio <0.5. The low ratio is typical of an 
-chain variant such as
Hb G-Philadelphia, where the expected four chromatographic peaks are
unresolved by the rapid screening method (7)(8).
One-half of the -variant Hb F is eluted in the Hb A window, and the
added two chromatographic peaks elute with Hbs A and D (Fig. 1
). The
two types of chromatograms are readily differentiated by calculating
the ratio of the concentrations Hb D/Hb A. Algorithms based on this
ratio can be used to report the -chain variants as such instead of
as FAD patterns.
In summary, blood spot results using rapid cation-exchange HPLC give
the following values. The median Hb F0 is 67.5%
in F-only patterns and 61.6% in all other patterns. (The concentration
of Hb F0 does not include the concentration of
the acetylated Hb F1.) The median Hb A is 10.3% in FA and
approximately one-half of that value, or 5.3%, in FAS, FAC, and FAE.
The expression of Hbs S, C, and D in FAS, FAC, FAD, FSC, FSE, and FSD
patterns is somewhat lower, at 4.0–4.2%, than the 5.3% Hb A. The Hb
E is considerably lower, being only 2.0% in FAE and 1.6% in FSE.
These results are consistent with published data that show that Hb
variants have slightly lower concentrations than Hb A and that Hb E
occurs at significantly lower concentrations than S, C, and D
(3)(4). Because the co-inheritance of -thalassemia
affects the percentages of Hb found in carrier patterns such as FAS,
clinical studies are needed to determine the frequency distributions
for the different conditions.
In FS and FC patterns, the concentrations of Hb S and Hb C are 6.8%, which is less than twice the 4.0–4.2% expression in the heterozygotes and well below the 10.3% Hb A in normal FA patterns. The Hb E in FE is only 4.5%, which is less than one-half of the 10.3% Hb A in FA normals. We note that, in addition to homozygous hemoglobinopathies, the patterns FS, FC, FD, and FE reported by the rapid screening method include cases of ß0-thalassemia and some cases of ß+-thalassemia with Hb A below detection, as well as S with hereditary persistence of fetal Hb. Clinical studies are needed to determine the frequency distributions for the different conditions. One study has shown that in patterns FE, the phenotype EE can be differentiated in many cases from E/ß-thalassemia by the percentage of Hb E, which is 2.4–12.6% for EE and 1.4–4.5% for E/ß-thalassemia (9).
Footnotes
1 author for correspondence: fax 510-540-2228, e-mail jeastman{at}dhs.ca.gov 
References
-chain and/or a ß-chain variant. Am J Hematol 1983;14:393-404.
[Web of Science][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  D. D. Mais, R. D. Gulbranson, and D. F. Keren The Range of Hemoglobin A2 in Hemoglobin E Heterozygotes as Determined by Capillary Electrophoresis Am J Clin Pathol, July 1, 2009; 132(1): 34 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. B. Thomas, S. J. Agosti, M. A. Man, and S. M. Mastorides Screening for Hemoglobinopathies During Routine Hemoglobin A1c Testing Using the Tosoh G7 Glycohemoglobin Analyzer Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., January 1, 2007; 37(3): 251 - 255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Joutovsky, J. Hadzi-Nesic, and M. A. Nardi HPLC Retention Time as a Diagnostic Tool for Hemoglobin Variants and Hemoglobinopathies: A Study of 60000 Samples in a Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Clin. Chem., October 1, 2004; 50(10): 1736 - 1747. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. B. Richardson, S. Wing, F. Lorey, and I. Hertz-Picciotto Adult Hemoglobin Levels at Birth and Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, April 1, 2004; 158(4): 366 - 371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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