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Articles |
Departments of
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Clinical Chemistry,
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Pediatrics,
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Internal Medicine, and
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Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University Hospital Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
a author
for correspondence: fax 31-10-4367894, e-mail vanschaik{at}ckcl.azr.nl
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Introduction |
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 Top Introduction References |
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In a recent study, an A(-290)G substitution was described in the 5' regulatory region of the CYP3A4 gene (7)(8). This allele was termed CYP3A4-V but was recently also referred to as CYP3A41B (9). The allelic frequency, determined by conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis, was estimated as 9.6% among US Caucasians (7). In 94 healthy unrelated male volunteers, 3.2% were found to be homozygous and 12.8% heterozygous for the CYP3A4-V allele (7). In a recent publication, the allelic frequency was shown to display major interethnic differences, ranging from 0.0% among Chinese-Americans to 54.6% among black Americans (10)(11). The CYP3A4-V allele has recently been associated with higher clinical stage and grade of prostate cancer (11)(12)(13).
In this study, a simple and specific PCR-restriction fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP) procedure was developed that can be used in routine
screening procedures to detect the CYP3A4-V polymorphism.
EDTA-whole blood was collected from 199 healthy Caucasian volunteers
after informed consent. The study was approved by the Medical Ethical
Committee of the University Hospital Rotterdam. Genomic DNA was
isolated from 300 µL of blood, using the GenomicPrep Blood DNA
Isolation reagent set (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). DNA yields
were estimated by measuring the absorbance at 260 nm
(A260). A total of 
50 ng of
genomic DNA was used in a PCR volume of 50 µL. The PCR mixture
contained 1x buffer (10 mmol/L Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 1.5 mmol/L
MgCl2, 50 mmol/L KCl, 0.01 g/L gelatin;
Perkin-Elmer), 0.2 mmol/L each dNTP (Roche), 1.25 U of AmpliTaq Gold
(Perkin-Elmer), and 40 pmol each of forward primer [5'-GGA CAG CCA TAG
AGA CAA CTG CA-3'; positions -315 to -291
(8)] and reverse primer [5'-CTT TCC TGC CCT GCA CAG-3';
positions +22 to +5 (8)]. The underlined nucleotides are
mismatches with the CYP3A4 sequence, creating a
PstI restriction site in the CYP3A4-V allele PCR
product. The 3' end of the forward primer lies in the
nifedipine-responsive element, a sequence that is characteristic for
CYP3A4 and is absent in the homologous CYP3A7
sequence, ensuring specific amplification of CYP3A4
(8). The PCR conditions were as follows: 7 min at 94 °C;
35 cycles of 1 min at 94 °C, 1 min at 55 °C, and 1 min at
72 °C; and finally 7 min at 72 °C. A 334-bp fragment was
amplified using the CYP3A4-V primers described (Fig. 1
, lane 0). PCR product (15 µL) was digested with 10 U of
PstI (Roche) for 1.5 h at 37 °C and analyzed on a
3% agarose/Tris-borate-EDTA gel with ethidium bromide staining. The
fragments produced were 220, 81, and 33 bp for the wild-type sequence
(Fig. 1
, lane wt/wt) and 199, 81, 33, and 21 bp for the
CYP3A4-V allele (Fig. 1
, lane V/V). Two internal
PstI sites in this fragment serve as an internal control for
digestion. In heterozygous samples, both the 220- and the 199-bp
fragments are present (Fig. 1
, lane wt/V).
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The DNA sequences of the nifedipine-responsive elements of these controls were verified by direct sequencing on an automated ABI 310 capillary sequencer (Perkin-Elmer), using the Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing method (Perkin-Elmer) with forward primer 5'-AAC AGG GGT GGA AAC ACA AT-3' and reverse primer 5'-CTT TCC TGC CCT GCA CAG-3' (7). The PCR profile was as follows: 7 min at 94 °C; 35 cycles of 30 s at 94 °C, 30 s at 55 °C, 30 s at 72 °C; and finally, 7 min at 72 °C. Interestingly, in heterozygous samples, the 220-bp wild-type allele-derived band was usually less intense than the 199-bp CYP3A4-V allele-derived band. Because the only difference between the wild-type and the CYP3A4-V sequence is the A(-290)G substitution, we assume that the first base added by the Taq polymerase (an A for the wild-type sequence and a G for the CYP3A4-V sequence) increases the stability of the forward primer-genomic DNA complex for the CYP3A4-V allele more than for the wild-type sequence. We tried to minimize this effect by having a forward primer synthesized minus the 3' A base, making the stability of the primer-DNA complex less dependent on the first base to be added by the Taq polymerase. PCR-RFLP with this alternative forward primer in combination with the described reverse primer yielded 220- and 199-bp bands of equal intensity (results not shown). However, the overall efficiency of the PCR reaction was dramatically decreased, probably because the two mismatches with the CYP3A4 sequence were now too close to the 3' end of the primer. Application of this alternative primer therefore needed 45 cycles of PCR and 25 µL of PCR product for digestion and subsequent detection on gel.
Recently, another PCR-RFLP procedure was described for detection of the CYP3A4-V allele, which is based on creating a MboII restriction site (14). This procedure makes use of nested PCR, which is more laborious and has an increased risk of sample contamination. Moreover, the PCR products for the CYP3A4-V allele cannot be digested, which means that this assay lacks an important internal control on digestion efficiency.
We screened 199 unselected and unrelated healthy Caucasians for the CYP3A4-V allele, applying the described PCR-RFLP and using the wt/wt, wt/V, and V/V samples described above as controls. We identified 21 CYP3A4-V alleles, giving an allelic frequency of 5.3%. In total, 21 individuals were heterozygous for this allele, giving a heterozygote frequency of 10.6%. DNA sequencing of all heterozygous individuals confirmed the A(-290)G substitution in all cases; no additional mutations were detected in the nifedipine-responsive element. As a control, 10 wild-type samples were also sequenced. The observed allelic frequency was significantly different (P <0.05, Fisher exact test) from the reported allelic frequency of 9.6% (18 CYP3A4-V alleles in 94 individuals) by Rebbeck et al. (7) for US Caucasians. In that specific study on 94 healthy volunteers, 3.2% appeared to be homozygous for this mutation. We did not find any CYP3A4-V homozygotes among the 199 individuals studied. The allele and genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P = 0.432); the absence of homozygotes in our study population of 199 individuals is consistent with a Hardy-Weinberg distribution. In Swedish Caucasians, 3 CYP3A4-V alleles were found recently among 39 individuals studied, giving an allelic frequency of 3.8% (15), whereas Sata et al. (9) reported an allelic frequency of 4.2% in 59 white subjects. These data are more in agreement with our results.
CYP3A4 is the most abundant form of the cytochrome P450 enzyme family present in human liver and is involved in the metabolism of many drugs (3)(4)(16). The recently described A(-290)G genetic polymorphism in the 5' regulatory region potentially alters the transcription efficiency and thus the overall enzymatic activity of CYP3A4. Initially, the effect of this mutation on transcription was believed to be a decrease, based on the clinical presentation of prostate cancer (7) and drug-induced leukemia (12). Later experiments, in which protein expression and enzymatic activity in liver samples were compared, suggested that the CYP3A4-V mutation had no effect on transcription (14). This was supported by experiments on the 6ß-hydroxylation of testosterone in three microsomal liver samples from individuals heterozygous for the CYP3A4-V allele (15), although this conclusion was later questioned by others (17). Experiments in which the promoter region of CYP3A4 was fused to the luciferase reporter gene, followed by expression of these constructs in HepG2 and MCF7 cells, indicated that the CYP3A4-V polymorphism increases CYP3A4 transcription compared with the CYP3A4 wild-type allele (18). Further studies are needed to show that the CYP3A4-V polymorphism will lead to increased CYP3A4 enzymatic activity not only in cell culture systems but also in individuals.
In conclusion, we have described and validated a fast and simple PCR-RFLP analysis that can be applied for specific screening for the CYP3A4-V allele. This assay could greatly facilitate studies on the effect of this polymorphism in endogenous processes, environmental susceptibility to cancer, and individual ability to metabolize drugs.
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Acknowledgments |
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References |
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The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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