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Technical Briefs |
1
Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Bosch Hospital, Auerbachstrasse 110, D-70376 Stuttgart, Germany
a author for correspondence: fax 49-711-8101-3618, e-mail Dieter.Ratge{at}RBK.de
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been identified as the agent
responsible for the vast majority of cases of posttransfusion non-A,
non-B hepatitis. Although generally asymptomatic, 
85% of the
infections become chronic with a wide spectrum of outcomes
(1).
Current assays developed to detect antibodies against HCV proteins are successful in detecting most cases of chronic HCV infection. Antibody tests may be negative, however, in cases of acute HCV infection during the window that precedes seroconversion. No immunoassay for direct detection of HCV antigen is available at the present time. With nucleic acid amplification tests, it is possible to detect HCV viremia an average of 59 days before immunological seroconversion (2)(3).
Nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of HCV sequences in blood products became compulsory in Germany on April 1, 1999 (4)(5). Because HCV, with its extremely heterogeneous genome, circulates in the blood in concentrations that range from undetectable (<50 copies/mL) up to 109 copies/mL (6), a detection limit of 5000 IU/mL (according to WHO, 1 IU corresponds to 2–5 genome copies, depending on the HCV-RNA method) in a single blood specimen is acceptable by the criteria of the Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (PEI, Langen, Germany).
In blood bank settings, the Cobas Amplicor Hepatitis C Virus Test, Ver. 2.0 (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) (7), is the most frequently used assay. Testing of only a few samples with this assay is quite expensive. Furthermore, turnaround time of PCR and detection exceeds 4 h. For selected single donations of thrombocytes collected by thrombocytapheresis, e.g., for severely ill patients with HLA antibodies, the time period between preparation and release of the result often is too long.
The recent development of real-time quantitative PCR based on the LightCycler (Roche Molecular Biochemicals) (8) offers the opportunity for detection of HCV RNA in up to 32 samples within 70 min after RNA isolation. Here we report the development of a practical, rapid, and sensitive single-step reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method.
We analyzed 187 serum samples, including 100 samples from thrombocyte donors and 87 patients with confirmed or suspected HCV disease. All blood samples were drawn into tubes without additives (Sarstedt) and centrifuged within 2 h of collection. PEI reference preparation HCV RNA 75/98 with 25 000 IU/mL, calibrated against the WHO Standard HCV RNA (96/790) and diluted to 5000 IU/mL was used for run control. All samples were aliquoted and stored at -30 °C until further testing. RNA from thrombocyte donors was partly isolated before freezing without any effect compared with stored aliquots. Viral RNA was extracted from 200 µL of each sample, using the High Pure Viral Nucleic Acid reagent set (Roche Molecular Biochemicals). Nucleic acids were extracted in 50 µL of nuclease-free water. At least one positive and one negative control were processed in parallel with each batch of samples.
We used the primers KY78s and KY80s, which identify a 244-bp sequence of the highly conserved 5' untranslated region of the HCV genome (9). The donor probe KY FL (5'-GCAGCCTCCAGGACCCCCC-3') was labeled with 5,6-carboxyfluorescein attached to 3'-O-ribose; the adjacent acceptor probe KY LC (5'-CCCGGGAGAGCCATAGTGGTCTG-3') was labeled with LightCycler Red 640 attached to the 5' terminus (both from TIB MOLBIOL). RT-PCR reactions were performed in a final volume of 20 µL. The reaction mixture consisted of 2.1 µL of water, 2 µL of 10x PCR Buffer (100 mmol/L Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 500 mmol/L KCl, 15 mmol/L MgCl2, 0.1 g/L gelatin), 2.4 µL of 25 mmol/L MgCl2, 2 µL of 20 g/L nonacetylated bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich), 1 mmol/L each dNTP, 700 nmol/L each primer, 0.5 µL of enhanced AMV Reverse Transcriptase (20 U/µL), and 0.5 µL of AccuTaq LA DNA Polymerase (5 U/µL). The buffer, MgCl2, dNTP mixture, and the enzymes were part of the Enhanced Avian RT-PCR reagent set (Sigma-Aldrich). The probes were added to the RT-PCR mixture to a final concentration of 300 nmol/L. A 14-µL aliquot of this reaction mixture was transferred to LightCycler glass capillaries, and 6 µL of RNA solution was added to each tube. HCV RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA (25 min at 48 °C) and subsequently amplified by PCR in the same single tube. The additional temperature profile consisted of denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min, followed by 50 cycles of denaturation for 1 s, annealing with fluorescence monitoring at 62 °C for 15 s, and extension at 72 °C for 13 s, with a temperature transition rate of 20 °C/s.
The fluorescence profiles generated from diluted PEI reference
preparation with HCV RNA concentrations between 5000 and 156 IU/mL and
a negative control are shown in Fig. 1
A. Fluorescence intensity increased with increasing HCV RNA
content in the samples. In contrast, the threshold cycle
(CT), which is the first cycle in which the
fluorescence is increased above background in a log-linear fashion,
decreased. Analysis of the fluorescence curves using
CT as the predictive value of the concentration
of target RNA present in the samples was unreliable in samples with no
or low HCV RNA concentrations. Because the PEI guideline does not
demand a quantitative evaluation, we decided to define a fluorescence
cutoff value. In 149 HCV RNA-negative serum samples (100 donors of
thrombocytes, 49 patient samples), the highest final fluorescence
intensity was 0.12 (131 samples <0.08; 12 samples 0.09–0.1; 6 samples
0.11–0.12). All of these samples were confirmed to be HCV RNA negative
by two other methods [Cobas Amplicor Hepatitis C Virus Test, Ver. 2.0,
and GEN-ETI-K DEIA (Sorin Biomedica)] (10), using the
QIAamp viral RNA purification protocol (Qiagen).
|
When the noise band of 0.04 in Fig. 1A
was set to a cutoff value of
0.12 (Fig. 1B
), only plots with a higher final fluorescence from
samples with suspect or positive HCV RNA content were shown on the
screen. This approach was used for routine screening of samples of
thrombocytapheresis. The detection limit was <1000 IU of HCV RNA/mL of
serum, which is far below the PEI requirement for HCV RNA testing. A
concentration of 1000 IU/mL HCV RNA corresponded to 24 IU of HCV RNA in
a test tube, which led to a final fluorescence of 0.12–0.19 in
different assays.
Eightfold amplifications of a sample containing 5000 IU/mL HCV RNA on five different working days with two lots of reagents gave highly reproducible final fluorescence intensities, with intraassay CVs of 3.7–9.1% and an interassay CV of 15%. The intraassay CV calculated by CT analysis was even lower (<1%).
The accuracy of the method was demonstrated by comparison of all LightCycler results (149 negative samples with HCV RNA <1000 IU/mL and 38 samples with HCV RNA >1000 IU/mL), with both our standard HCV nucleic acid amplification tests giving a concordance rate of 100%. Moreover, the real-time RT-PCR showed similar sensitivities for the genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2i, 3a, 4, and 5a in a genotype panel (data not shown).
The real-time RT-PCR is well suited for quantification, using CT analysis on the basis of an RNA calibration curve. From amplification plots using a series of 10-fold dilutions of a genotype 2a sample, we obtained a linear correlation between the CT and the template at concentrations of 103–106 IU/mL HCV RNA (r = 0.96). In clinical samples, the calibration curve could be extrapolated up to 6.3 x 107 IU/mL HCV RNA (data not shown). The results from 20 HCV RNA-positive patients with HCV RNA titers between 2.1 x 103 and 6.3 x 107 IU/mL HCV RNA were then compared with those of the Cobas Amplicor HCV Monitor assay. The correlation was statistically significant (r = 0.92). The mean values of the results obtained with our RT-PCR protocol and the Amplicor assay were comparable.
Single-tube real-time quantification of HCV RNA using TaqMan technology (Roche) and the ABI PRISM 7700 system (Perkin-Elmer) has been described recently (11)(12). Compared with our test, these real-time tests showed comparable reproducibility with lower (11) and higher sensitivity (12), but sequence variation among HCV targets presented problems (12). The Light Cycler test has the advantage of a running time of only 70 min compared with 150 min with the PRISM 7700, but the PRISM 7700 has a higher throughput and is better suited for automation.
Our method has been approved by PEI for HCV virus testing in blood samples and is ideally suited for rapid analysis of smaller sample numbers. This convenient approach is very economic without the risk of carryover contamination.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Robert Bosch Foundation.
References
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  E. Vincent, Z. Gu, M. Morgenstern, C. Gibson, J. Pan, and R. T. Hayden Detection of Cytomegalovirus in Whole Blood Using Three Different Real-Time PCR Chemistries J. Mol. Diagn., January 1, 2009; 11(1): 54 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Dreier, M. Stormer, and K. Kleesiek Use of Bacteriophage MS2 as an Internal Control in Viral Reverse Transcription-PCR Assays J. Clin. Microbiol., September 1, 2005; 43(9): 4551 - 4557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. Ramon, J. Gilabert-Estelles, R. Castello, J. Gilabert, F. Espana, A. Romeu, M. Chirivella, J. Aznar, and A. Estelles mRNA analysis of several components of the plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase systems in endometriosis using a real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay Hum. Reprod., January 1, 2005; 20(1): 272 - 278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Castello, A. Estelles, C. Vazquez, C. Falco, F. Espana, S. M. Almenar, C. Fuster, and J. Aznar Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Urokinase Plasminogen Activator, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1, and Tissue Metalloproteinase Inhibitor Type 1 Gene Expressions in Primary Breast Cancer Clin. Chem., August 1, 2002; 48(8): 1288 - 1295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. H. Kessler, G. Muhlbauer, E. Stelzl, E. Daghofer, B. I. Santner, and E. Marth Fully Automated Nucleic Acid Extraction: MagNA Pure LC Clin. Chem., June 1, 2001; 47(6): 1124 - 1126. [Full Text] [PDF]
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,
5000 IU/mL; 
, 2500 IU/mL; 
, 1250 IU/mL; 
, 625
IU/mL; 
, 312 IU/mL; •, 156 IU/mL; dotted line, negative
control.