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Technical Briefs |
1 Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University, D-23538 Luebeck, Germany
Transferrin, the principal iron transporter in human serum, is a
glycoprotein bearing asparagine-linked polysaccharides (1).
Because of differences in the glycan structure, several transferrin
isoforms can be found in normal serum, the most prominent one
containing two biantennary complex-type glycans with a total number of
four negatively charged terminal sialic acid residues
(2)(3). It has been known for >20 years that
chronically increased consumption of ethanol affects the glycosylation
pattern of serum transferrin, producing a higher proportion of
transferrin isoforms that lack terminal sialic acid residues and
probably other parts of the glycan structure and thus are referred to
as carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) (3)(4)(5).
Originally, CDT was defined as the sum of transferrin isoforms
containing two or fewer two sialic acid residues (corresponding to pI
values 
5.7), and this definition has likewise been applied to the
evaluation of CDT as a sensitive and specific laboratory marker of
alcoholism (4)(5). During the last few years,
however, commercial kits were launched that measure an operationally
defined CDT fraction that in addition to asialo-, monosialo-, and
disialo-transferrin also includes at least in part the
trisialo-transferrin isoform (6). The inclusion of
trisialo-transferrin in the definition of CDT has been claimed to
improve the detection of chronic alcohol consumption (7),
but the diagnostic significance of the trisialo-transferrin
concentration remains unclear (8). Therefore, I reexamined
our data from routine determinations of CDT in human serum in search of
a quantitative relationship between the various isotransferrins
resolved by our method.
In our laboratory, determination of absolute and relative CDT concentrations in serum samples is routinely performed by HPLC on Mono Q® anion exchanger (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), using the method described by Jeppson et al. (9) with minor modifications (10). This method separates at least four isotransferrin fractions in normal human serum exhibiting pI values of 5.7 (disialo-transferrin), 5.6 (trisialo-transferrin), 5.4 (tetrasialo-transferrin), and 5.2 (pentasialo-transferrin). In serum from patients with chronically increased alcohol consumption, the portion of disialo-transferrin usually is increased and another peak at pI 5.9 (asialo-transferrin) appears in the chromatogram that is not detected in serum from healthy abstinent people. CDT is calculated as the sum of asialo and disialo-transferrin (monosialo-transferrin usually is not detected by HPLC because of its low concentration) and is reported in relative concentration units, i.e., as a percentage of total transferrin. Baseline integration is applied to the HPLC chromatograms (11) instead of the valley-to-valley integration described by Jeppson et al. (9) and Renner and Kanitz (10); with this modification our local reference range extends to 2.4% CDT, which is significantly higher than the cutoff values reported in the literature for valley-to-valley integration (8)(9)(12). Statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS for Windows, release 6.1.
Between September 1, 1997 and August 31, 1998, our laboratory received 887 patient samples for routine analysis of CDT. Requests for these CDT determinations were all made for laboratory confirmation of suspected alcoholism or follow-up of its therapy; they came mainly from the clinics of psychiatry (40%), neurology (18%), internal medicine (18%), and anesthesiology (9%), whereas the remaining 15% stemmed from ~10 different institutions. Results of 17 samples indicated a heterozygous expression of genetic transferrin variants (16 allelic variants of the B type and 1 allelic D variant) that prevented reliable calculation of CDT. When the latter results were excluded, there remained 870 chromatograms that had been routinely evaluated for CDT. In 706 samples, the relative CDT concentration was at or below the upper limit of our reference range, whereas 164 samples exhibited increased CDT concentrations (>2.4%). For at least 116 of the latter samples, the increased CDT concentration could be retrospectively explained by heavy drinking according to information given by the patients or by markedly increased blood ethanol concentrations measured on patients’ admissions.
In addition to the asialo- and disialo-transferrin concentrations
routinely used for calculation of the CDT concentration, I also
extracted the relative concentrations of trisialo- and
tetrasialo-transferrin as well as the total concentration of
isotransferrins with higher numbers of terminal sialic acid residues
(i.e., pentasialo- and hexasialo-transferrin) from all
chromatograms. The relative disialo- and trisialo-transferrin
concentrations measured in the complete series of samples are shown in
Fig. 1
. From this comparison, it clearly can be seen that high
disialo-transferrin concentrations are not accompanied in general by
high trisialo-transferrin concentrations. When the results were grouped
according to either normal (
2.4%) or increased (>2.4%) CDT
concentration attributable to heavy drinking, I obtained the relative
concentration ranges; the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles; and the
means ± SD for the various isotransferrin fractions, as
summarized in Table 1
. Whereas the disialo-transferrin concentrations obviously
differed significantly between the two groups (range, 0.00–2.43% vs
2.47–19.7%), the corresponding trisialo-transferrin concentrations
were almost identical (range, 1.16–13.0% vs 1.58–8.88%).
Statistical analysis revealed a rather low correlation
(r = 0.194) between the concentrations of disialo- and
trisialo-transferrin in samples exhibiting normal CDT values, but no
correlation (r = -0.038) in samples showing increased
CDT concentrations attributable to alcohol intake (Table 1
). In the
group exhibiting normal CDT values, correlation was highest between
tetrasialo- and pentasialo-/hexasialo-transferrin
(r = -0.821), indicating that highly sialylated
isotransferrins are preferably produced at the expense of the
tetrasialo-transferrin fraction. In the group of samples with increased
CDT values attributable to heavy drinking, strong correlations were
obtained for disialo- and asialo-transferrin (r =
0.806), disialo- and tetrasialo-transferrin (r =
-0.845), and asialo- and tetrasialo-transferrin
(r = -0.722). These observations agree well with the
assumption that it is not the terminal sialylation of otherwise
complete glycan moieties that is impaired by chronically increased
intake of alcohol but rather the formation of one or both of the entire
glycan chains (3)(13).
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It is still unknown which physiological or pathological mechanisms regulate the portion of trisialo-transferrin in relation to other isotransferrins. Our data, however, clearly demonstrate that increased relative concentrations of disialo- and asialo-transferrin attributable to increased consumption of alcohol are not associated in general with increased trisialo-transferrin concentrations. Because trisialo-transferrin is obviously of no diagnostic value, I strongly recommend not including this isotransferrin in the CDT fraction measured for laboratory diagnosis of alcoholism.
Acknowledgments
I am most grateful to R. Albrecht-Groos, K. Blöcker, A. Blunk, A. Boldt, B. Brede, B. Ermert, M. Gierke, B. Gütschow, R. Hesemeyer, H. Hinz, A. Niemeier, and K. Stratmann for expert work in the routine HPLC analysis of CDT.
Footnotes
References
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  J. B. Whitfield, V. Dy, P. A.F. Madden, A. C. Heath, N. G. Martin, and G. W. Montgomery Measuring Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin by Direct Immunoassay: Factors Affecting Diagnostic Sensitivity for Excessive Alcohol Intake Clin. Chem., July 1, 2008; 54(7): 1158 - 1165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Helander, A. Husa, and J.-O. Jeppsson Improved HPLC Method for Carbohydrate-deficient Transferrin in Serum Clin. Chem., November 1, 2003; 49(11): 1881 - 1890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. J. Legros, V. Nuyens, M. Baudoux, K. Zouaoui Boudjeltia, J.-L. Ruelle, J. Colicis, F. Cantraine, and J.-P. Henry Use of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis for Differentiating Excessive from Moderate Alcohol Consumption Clin. Chem., March 1, 2003; 49(3): 440 - 449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Flahaut, J.C. Michalski, T. Danel, M.H. Humbert, and A. Klein The effects of ethanol on the glycosylation of human transferrin Glycobiology, March 1, 2003; 13(3): 191 - 198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Tagliaro, F. Bortolotti, R. M. Dorizzi, M. Marigo, J. R. Delanghe, B. Wuyts, and M. L. De Buyzere Caveats in Carbohydrate-deficient Transferrin Determination Drs. Delanghe, Wuyts, and De Buyzere respond: Clin. Chem., January 1, 2002; 48(1): 208 - 209. [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. Turpeinen, T. Methuen, H. Alfthan, K. Laitinen, M. Salaspuro, and U.-H. Stenman Comparison of HPLC and Small Column (CDTect) Methods for Disialotransferrin Clin. Chem., October 1, 2001; 47(10): 1782 - 1787. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Helander, M. Fors, and B. Zakrisson STUDY OF AXIS-SHIELD NEW %CDT IMMUNOASSAY FOR QUANTIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATE-DEFICIENT TRANSFERRIN (CDT) IN SERUM Alcohol Alcohol., September 1, 2001; 36(5): 406 - 412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Helander, G. Eriksson, H. Stibler, and J.-O. Jeppsson Interference of Transferrin Isoform Types with Carbohydrate-deficient Transferrin Quantification in the Identification of Alcohol Abuse Clin. Chem., July 1, 2001; 47(7): 1225 - 1233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Arndt Carbohydrate-deficient Transferrin as a Marker of Chronic Alcohol Abuse: A Critical Review of Preanalysis, Analysis, and Interpretation Clin. Chem., January 1, 2001; 47(1): 13 - 27. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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