| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Technical Briefs |
1 Institute of Hygiene, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
2 Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria
aaddress correspondence to this author at: Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Institute of Hygiene, KF-University Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria; fax 43-316-380-9649, e-mail harald.kessler{at}uni-graz.at
Antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection aims to reduce viral replication and/or to affect the immune response to the virus and virus-infected cells. The development of reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as lamivudine, which has been shown to be a safe and potent inhibitor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication (1)(2), has facilitated major advances in the antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Today, lamivudine is a first-line therapy for prophylaxis of HBV recurrence in decompensated cirrhotic patients and liver transplant recipients.
A major problem with lamivudine treatment is the emergence of drug resistance, which increases with extended duration of therapy (3). Resistant variants have been localized in the reverse transcriptase (rt) region of the HBV polymerase gene. Lamivudine-resistant amino acids have been described at positions rt180 (rtL180M) and rt204 (rtM204V/I/S) (4)(5). Methods for the identification of mutations in the HBV polymerase gene include conventional DNA sequencing, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and reverse hybridization (6)(7). In the past, conventional direct DNA sequencing, which is the gold standard method, was the most labor-intensive and time-consuming method (6). Recently, however, a standardized and largely automated HBV polymerase gene-sequencing assay, the TrugeneTM HBV Genotyping Kit, version 1.0 (Bayer/Visible Genetics, Toronto, Ontario), became commercially available. This assay may be suitable for routine diagnostic laboratory work and clinical trial applications. In this preliminary study, we evaluated the performance of the new HBV genotyping assay. Patients undergoing lamivudine treatment were retrospectively investigated for emergence of specific mutations.
Serum samples from five HBV DNA-positive (serum load >1000 HBV DNA copies/mL) patients undergoing lamivudine therapy for more than 6 months were analyzed retrospectively. Blood had been collected in 9.0-mL tubes (VacuetteTM; Greiner Bio-one GmbH), and after centrifugation, sera had been aliquoted and stored at -70 °C. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations had been determined with the ALT assay for Roche/Hitachi analyzers (Roche Diagnostics), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations had been determined with the AST assay (Roche). If the ALT concentration exceeded 23 U/L, it was considered abnormal, and the corresponding value for AST was 19 U/L. Serum HBV load had previously been measured with the Cobas AmplicorTM HBV Monitor Test (Roche Diagnostic Systems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. This molecular assay has a detection limit of 2.0 x 102 HBV DNA copies/mL. Testing had routinely been done at 3-month intervals beginning at month 9 after the start of therapy. Between months 9 and 15 after the start of therapy, all patients had an increase in HBV DNA load of at least 1 log.
For testing mutations in the HBV polymerase gene, an aliquot was thawed, and HBV DNA was obtained according to the extraction protocol included in the Cobas Amplicor HBV Monitor Test protocol. Subsequent steps were done according to the manufacturer’s protocol for the TrugeneTM HBV Genotyping Kit, version 1.0. Initially, a 1.2-kb sequence of the HBV polymerase gene, representing the central portion of the rt domain, was amplified by PCR, and sequencing reactions were then performed on this amplification product with the CLIPTM sequencing (Visible Genetics) technology. CLIP sequencing allows both directions of the amplification products to be sequenced simultaneously in the same tube with use of two different dye-labeled primers for each of the four sequencing reactions.
Electrophoresis and subsequent data analysis were performed automatically with the automated OpenGeneTM and GeneObjectsTM DNA sequence analysis system (Bayer/Visible Genetics). Data were acquired with the GeneLibrarian module of GeneObjects software by combination of the forward and reverse sequences. The query sequence was compared with the consensus sequences of HBV genotypes A to G in the Trugene HBV Module of the OpenGene software to determine the HBV genotype of the sample. Mutations in the rt gene as well as in the overlapping surface antigen (HBsAg) gene were also automatically detected and reported. According to the manufacturer, the detection limit of this system is 
2.0 x 103 HBV DNA copies/mL, and all viral variants present at concentrations 
20% of the total can be detected.
Four patients were found infected with HBV genotype A and one patient with HBV genotype D. In four of the five patients, one or more characteristic mutations were detected in the rt region of the viral polymerase gene (Table 1
). In two of the four patients, mutations had developed within the first year of lamivudine therapy; in the remaining two patients, mutations had developed within the second year of lamivudine therapy. Mutations were found at positions 173 (V173L), 180 (L180M), 204 (M204I and M204V), and 207 (V207I). In three patients, mutations appeared during lamivudine therapy together with a significant increase (minimum of 3 logs) in serum HBV load. In the fourth patient, the M204I mutation was found although viral load was rather low (month 9 after start of therapy; Fig. 1
). In this patient, lamivudine therapy had been continued, and by month 12, the serum HBV load had increased by 1 log. Analysis at this time point revealed the appearance of the V207I mutation in addition to the existing M204I mutation. After discontinuation of therapy, serum HBV load increased by 3 logs within 3 months, and the mutant HBV strains had almost disappeared, whereas the wild-type virus had reappeared. Although the M204I mutation was no longer detectable, the V207I mutation was still detectable but showed an R (G or A with 25% A) instead of the expected G at this position (Fig. 1
).
|
|
The Trugene HBV Genotyping assay could be performed within 6 h. Amplification of the polymerase gene of HBV took 2 h, followed by a 2.5-h sequencing reaction including a 0.5-h manual pipetting. Finally, 1.5 h was needed for electrophoresis and analysis of data.
In this preliminary study, the Trugene HBV Genotyping assay was used in a routine diagnostic laboratory. The assay is mainly automated and can easily be performed by a trained medical technologist. In contrast to conventional direct DNA sequencing, this sequencing assay provides automated generation of the genotyping report. Manual sequence analysis is time-consuming and difficult, especially if detection of both the rt and HBsAg mutations is required in addition to the genotyping. Moreover, because of the sensitive CLIP technology, the Trugene HBV Genotyping assay does not require a nested PCR step, which might be prone to contamination. The Trugene HBV Genotyping assay thus meets standardization requirements of the routine diagnostic laboratory.
Methods such as restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and reverse hybridization have been proposed to identify mutations in the HBV genome (6)(7). Both methods seem to be sensitive but identify only known variants. In contrast, sequencing is the only method currently available that enables identification of new mutants that could be related to resistance (5). Because it is possible that more variants will arise during lamivudine therapy, sequence analysis should always be one of the diagnostic tools.
In this study, we found mutations at position rt204 in all patients with one or more characteristic mutations and a mutation at position rt180 in one of those patients. Both of these mutations have been associated with lamivudine resistance (4)(5). Mutations at positions rt207 (in two patients) and rt173 (in one patient) were also found. Both of these are secondary mutations and have previously been described as associated with famciclovir treatment (4)(8). Although lamivudine-resistant HBV strains have been shown to have impaired replication capacity compared with the wild type, their clinical emergence often leads to deterioration of liver function, which occasionally may be severe or even fatal. It is therefore of major importance to detect mutations as soon as possible. This could be guaranteed by frequent (every 3 months) determinations of serum HBV load and sequence analysis in the case of a significant increase. If one or more characteristic mutations are present, alternative therapies such as adefovir dipivoxil may be indicated (9).
The region of the HBV genome that is associated with the development of lamivudine resistance is also classically used to differentiate HBV genotypes. The Trugene HBV Genotyping assay automatically analyzes the sequence and compares it with genomic reference sequences; it is therefore able to provide HBV genotype and resistance information from the same data. The HBV genotype may correlate with different clinical features of HBV infection. Recent data suggest that Eastern Asian patients with HBV genotype C are more likely to have severe liver disease, whereas those with genotype B are more likely to develop hepatocellular carcinoma (10)(11). In India, HBV genotypes A and D were found to be predominant, and HBV genotype D is associated with more severe liver disease and may predict occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in younger patients (12).
In summary, patients undergoing lamivudine therapy who show a significant increase in serum HBV load should be tested for the emergence of drug resistance. The Trugene HBV Genotyping Kit is useful for the routine diagnostic laboratory and provides important molecular information to allow optimal therapeutic management of patients with chronic HBV infection.
Acknowledgments
This project was supported in part by a grant from Visible Genetics, Inc. We gratefully acknowledge Anne Beyou and Berwyn Clarke for technical assistance and stimulating discussions.
References
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
