| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Proteomics and Protein Markers |
1 Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
2 Innogenetics N.V., Ghent, Belgium.
3 Neurotec, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
aAddress correspondence to this author at: Institute of Clinical Neuroscience Section, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden. Fax 46-31-343-2426; e-mail Annika.Olsson{at}neuro.gu.se.
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMaterial and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Methods: We compared the new multianalyte assay format with established ELISA techniques for the same proteins. We then performed a clinical study using CSF samples from patients with AD or mild cognitive impairment with progression to AD, healthy controls, and patients with other neurologic disorders.
Results: The INNO-BIA AlzBio3 selectively and specifically measured Aß(1–42), T-TAU, and P-TAU(181P) in the CSF. The new assay format had intra- and interassay CVs <10% for all analytes, even at low concentrations. The measurement range of the new assay was 3 to 4 logs compared with 1 to 2 logs for ELISAs. By plotting the mean of the values obtained in ELISA and the xMAP technology against the difference, we found that a correction factor could be used to convert xMAP results to ELISA values. The clinical study demonstrated that the new multiparametric assay could accurately distinguish patients with AD from patients with other neurologic disorders or control patients, with the diagnostic accuracy reaching recommended consensus criteria for specificity and sensitivity.
Conclusion: The new multiparametric method may be able to replace the corresponding ELISA methods.
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterial and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The availability of effective treatment with acetylcholine esterase inhibitors and the promise of possible future treatment with 
- and ß-secretase inhibitors or vaccination regimes make early clinical diagnosis of AD important. A recent consensus report (7) outlined criteria for ideal biological markers for AD. Biochemical markers of AD should reflect the central pathologic features of the disease: neuronal degeneration, disturbance in ß-amyloid metabolism with formation of plaques, and hyperphosphorylation of tau leading to formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Biological markers should have a diagnostic sensitivity 
80% for detecting AD and a specificity 80% for distinguishing other dementias (7). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a continuum of the interstitial fluid from the brain and spinal cord. Biochemical changes in the central nervous system are reflected in the CSF.
Several ELISAs have been developed for measurement of Aß42, total tau (T-TAU), and P-TAU (8). In AD, the concentration of Aß42 in the CSF is markedly decreased (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14), whereas T-TAU (14)(15) and P-TAU are increased (15)(16)(17)(18). The absolute differences between the diagnostic groups are dependent on the specificity of the monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), e.g., specificity for tau phosphorylated at serine 199, threonine 181, or threonine 231, and the specificity for different Aß42 peptides.
The microsphere-based Luminex xMAPTM technology is a new flow cytometric method involving covalent coupling of a capture antibody to spectrally specific fluorescent microspheres (19)(20). Each microsphere number is dyed with a precise concentration ratio of red- and orange-emitting fluorochromes, giving it a unique spectral identity. Classification of each bead is made by excitation at 635 nm by a first laser. Because different microsphere sets can be combined within one method and each bead number is linked with only one antibody, signals from analytes in the mixture are identified unequivocally. A third fluorochrome, phycoerythrin (PE), coupled to streptavidin (SV), quantifies the molecular reaction that has occurred at the microsphere surface. The intensity of the green fluorescence, derived after excitation of PE by a second laser at 532 nm, is reported. In comparison with conventional ELISA methods, the microsphere-based xMAP technology provides simultaneous quantification of several analytes in a small volume of sample and might also provide higher reproducibility than ELISAs (19)(20)(21).
We used the Luminex xMAP technology to design a prototype multiparametric bead-based assay (INNO-BIA AlzBio3) for the simultaneous quantification in CSF of Aß(1–42), T-TAU, and P-TAU phosphorylated at Thr181 [P-TAU(181P)]. We first performed a comparative analysis of the new multianalyte assay format with established ELISA techniques for the same analytes (13)(15)(22)(23); we then performed a clinical study using CSF samples obtained from a large sample of patients with AD or mild cognitive impairment with progression to AD (MCI-AD), healthy controls, and patients with other neurologic disorders.
|
Material and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterial and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
antibodies and calibrators
Antibody characterization.
The characteristics of the MAbs against T-TAU (AT120 and HT7) and P-TAU(181P) (AT270) have been described in detail previously (22). MAb 4D7A3 is a new Aß42-specific MAb. The diagnostic performance of an Aß(1–42) assay with MAb 4D7A3 as capture antibody has been compared with an assay with the 21F12 MAb, which is used in the ELISA for Aß(1–42) (13). MAb 3D6 selectively binds Aß peptides with a free amino group at Asp1 (epitope 1–5) (13). The Aß(1–42) specificity of the new assay has been further validated by generation of calibration curves with peptides Aß(1–42), Aß(2–42), and Aß(1–40).
Calibrators.
The calibrators for the INNO-BIA AlzBio3 assay are identical to those used in the ELISA methods for the respective markers (13)(15)(22)(23), but the three calibrators are combined in one vial in the INNO-BIA AlzBio3. For each analytical run, six ready-to-use calibrators with decreasing concentrations of Aß(1–42), T-TAU, and P-TAU(181P) were used.
We also investigated the effect of freezing and thawing on the calibrators. A multiplexed calibrator series was frozen and thawed six times. For each cycle, an aliquot of the test material was stored for at least 1 day at –20 °C. All calibrator curves were analyzed together on the immunoplate.
bead-based luminex XMAP technology
Although the same proteins were quantified as in the currently available ELISA methods (13)(15)(22)(23), the assay format was not fully identical.
covalent coupling of MABS
Carboxylated beads (diameter, 5.6 µm) from different microsphere numbers [region 2 for T-TAU, region 69 for P-TAU(181P), and region 56 for Aß(1–42); lot numbers B] were chemically coupled with MAbs AT120 for T-TAU, AT270 for P-TAU(181P), and 4D7A3 for Aß(1–42) according to the protocol from the manufacturer. The same coupling procedure was used for all MAbs. In-process control of MAb-coupling homogeneities was done by determination of (a) the CV for counting of 100 beads from the same region, and (b) the signal-to-noise ratio. Experiments included so-called nonfunctional and functional assay formats. In the nonfunctional assay, the amount of each MAb coupled to the beads was indirectly quantified by the addition of R-PE-conjugated AffinityPure F(ab')2 fragment goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Lucron Products). This format gives no evidence for epitope recognition. For the functional assay, a sandwich type assay was performed.
methods for bead-based XMAP technology
All incubations were performed in the dark at ambient temperature. Each well of a 96-well filter plate (Millipore Corporation) was prewetted with 250 µL of wash buffer. The wash buffer was removed from the plates by use of a vacuum manifold (Millipore).
Before the beads were added (3000 beads per well of each protein in 100 µL of solution), they were sonicated and vortex-mixed. The buffer was then removed. A mixture of two biotinylated detector MAbs, 3D6 and HT7, was added to the wells of the filter plate (25 µL/well). The calibrators, blanks, or CSF samples were then added (75 µL/well) in duplicate and incubated overnight on a plate shaker. The plate was washed three times with 250 µL of wash buffer. SV-PE (Caltag) was added (100 µL/well) and incubated for 1 h on a plate shaker. The plate was then washed three times with 300 µL of wash buffer. Finally, 100 µL of phosphate-buffered saline was added to each well. Samples, incubated for 2 min on a plate shaker, were analyzed on the Luminex 100 IS. For each set of microspheres, 100 beads were analyzed and median values were reported.
analytical performance
Curve fitting.
Experiments were performed to select the best mathematical model for curve fitting, the number of dilutions included, and the concentrations of these dilutions. Evaluation was done based on model fit (R2 values), residual analysis, and analysis of the variability on inverse prediction (i.e., estimating concentrations for unknown samples).
Method comparison and correction factors.
We used CSF samples, deidentified before analysis, to calculate correction factors relating results of the xMAP method and conventional methods. For conventional results, we used ELISA measurements of Aß(1–42), T-TAU, and P-TAU(181P) as described previously (13)(15)(22)(23). We used only results that were within the analytical range of each ELISA [125–2000 ng/L for Aß(1–42), 75–1200 ng/L for T-TAU, and 15.6–500 ng/L for P-TAU(181P)]. After log transformation, the mean concentration of the two replicates was calculated for each method. The mean and the difference between the two methods were calculated for each protein for each sample (24). The slope of the regression line on a difference plot (difference vs mean) revealed whether the difference between the two methods was constant (slope = 0) or changed (slope different from 0) over the assay range. In the case of a constant difference, the mean difference could be determined by use of the intercept of the horizontal regression line. We determined the correction factor for each protein by calculating the mean values for these differences and then back-transforming the results to the original scale. We also used difference plots to interpret the values after the correction factor was applied (24). In addition, we calculated the interval that would contain 95% of the observed values for the assays, allowing total variabilities (CVs) of 10% for the Luminex and 10% for the ELISA.
Reproducibility.
We calculated prediction error statistics for calibrators or CSF samples covering the whole concentration range of the assay. For the first part, we prepared a single-protein calibration curve. We added eight replicates of each calibrator concentration, together with the specific biotinylated antibody, to a bead mixture of four different production runs. We then calculated the intraassay CV for the calibrators as a function of the concentration (25).
We determined the intraassay imprecision by duplicate analyses of at least 127 CSF samples analyzed by ELISA and xMAP. We performed a Wilcoxon matched-pairs test to calculate statistical differences for the CV values. Finally, we further evaluated reproducibility, using eight different pools of CSF samples. Different operators analyzed all these samples in different runs.
Specificity.
We first verified selectivity by incubating a mixture of antibody-coupled microspheres with 0.01 µg of different biotinylated peptides, covering specific epitopes of Aß(1–42), T-TAU, or P-TAU(181P). The sequences of the selected peptides are shown in Table 1 of the Data Supplement that accompanies the online version of this article at http://www.clinchem.org/content/vol51/issue2/ (the phosphorylated sites are indicated by bold font in the sequences). After overnight incubation at 4 °C, the antigen-antibody-bead mixture was washed three times with wash buffer, after which SV-PE was added for an additional hour. Plates were read within 30 min after termination of the reaction.
We further validated assay specificity by (a) performing assays with microspheres coupled to an antibody that did not recognize the proteins detected in the present assay format, (b) performing assays with nonspecific detector antibodies (IgG1), (c) performing assays with no detector antibody, (d) using other recombinant protein(s) in place of the calibrator, (e) using samples that contained only one of the calibrator proteins, and (f) comparing CSF values obtained with an assay with only one or a mixture of the detector antibodies (3D6 and HT7).
Determination of apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles.
We genotyped the APOE alleles by PCR followed by minisequencing, as described previously (26).
clinical study
The Ethics Committees of Göteborg, Umeå, and Lund Universities approved the study. All patients or their relatives gave informed consent for participation in the study, which was performed in accordance with the provisions of the Helsinki Declaration.
Lumbar puncture was performed in the morning under standard conditions. A 12-mL CSF sample was collected and gently mixed to avoid gradient effects. All CSF samples with >500 erythrocytes/µL were excluded. All CSF samples were centrifuged to remove cells and debris, aliquoted, and stored at –80 °C pending biochemical analysis.
We evaluated the diagnostic performance of the new xMAP multianalyte assay with CSF samples from 78 AD patients, 15 patients with MCI-AD, 53 healthy controls, 16 patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 15 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 36 patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA), 46 patients with Parkinson disease (PD), and 15 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).
After calculating the sensitivity and specificity, we grouped all patients, except the AD MCI-AD patients and healthy controls, into a "neurologic disorders and other dementias" group. The clinical data for the patients are given in Table 1
. In the healthy control group, symptoms or signs of psychiatric or neurologic disease were absent. The diagnosis of probable AD was made according to the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria (27). No patient with AD had a family history of dementia suggestive of autosomal-dominant AD. MCI diagnoses were made according to the criteria of Petersen et al. (28). The diagnosis of FTD was made according to the Lund–Manchester criteria (29), diagnosis of DLB was made according to the criteria of McKeith et al. (30), diagnosis of clinically definite PD was made according to the British Brain Bank diagnostic criteria (31), diagnosis of clinically probable PSP was made according the criteria proposed by Golbe and Davis (32), and diagnosis of clinically probable MSA was made according to the criteria proposed by Quinn (33). Cognitive status was examined using the Mini Mental State Examination (34).
|
statistics
All statistical analyses in the clinical studies were performed with the Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS). Because gaussian distribution could not be obtained (Shapiro–Wilk test, P <0.05) we used nonparametric statistics for the analysis. Data are given as medians (interquartile ranges). We used Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA to investigate group differences followed by Dunn’s test for group comparisons. Correlations were calculated with the Spearman two-tailed correlation test. Because we performed multiple correlations, we set the significance level to P <0.01. We calculated the relationship between sensitivity and specificity for AD vs healthy controls by ROC curve analysis. The "optimum" cutoff value from the ROC curve is the point at which the sum of sensitivity and specificity is maximal. These calculated cutoff values for each protein were also used to distinguish AD from the neurologic disorders and other dementia group and to distinguish MCI-AD patients from the control group.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterial and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Selection of the most appropriate mathematical model for curve fitting was based on experiments with calibrators with 10 concentrations over a wide range. Curve shapes were slightly different for the three proteins (Fig. 1A
). In general, a linear model of log(Luminex median) on log concentration provided reasonable R2 values (
0.95), but residual analysis revealed systematic biases in some parts of the assay range. Sigmoidal (four-parameter logistic) curves provided excellent fits (R2 0.99) and residuals. As a consequence, this model was selected for measurements of the three proteins. Several calibration set-ups were evaluated based on the error of inverse prediction (data not shown). A set-up with six dilutions was selected, for which the precision is described below. We observed no differences in curve fit characteristics or in hill slope values when dilution series were generated with single calibrators or with a mixture of calibrators (data not shown).
|
Assay precision.
The precision profiles for the calibrators are shown in Fig. 1B
. In contrast to classic ELISA systems, the data revealed precise measurements for each protein over the entire concentration range of the assay. The full measurement range of the assay extended over 3 to 4 logs compared with 1 to 2 logs for the ELISAs. The median (interquartile range) intraassay variability [CV, or (range x 100)/mean] was lower for the INNO-BIA AlzBio3 compared with the corresponding ELISAs: 2.0% (1.0–3.5%; n = 141) compared with 3.0% (1.0–5.0%; n = 141) for Aß(1–42) (Wilcoxon matched-pairs test, P = 0.0010), 3.2% (1.2–5.6%) compared with 4.6% (2.0–7.6%; n = 127) for T-TAU (P = 0.0030), and 1.8% (0.8–3.3%) compared with 2.0% (0.7–4.3%; n = 141) for P-TAU(181P) (P = 0.0208).
The intra- and interassay variations for Aß(1–42), T-TAU, and P-TAU(181P), obtained by analyzing CSF samples containing various concentrations of the proteins, are shown in Fig. 2
. The low CVs indicate that precise measurements can be obtained over the entire measurement range of the assay. Even at low concentrations, CVs were <10% for all analytes. In the clinical study (n = 209), the median (10th–90th percentile) intraassay CVs were 3.8 (0.6–9.6)%, 3.6 (0.5–10)%, and 2.7 (0.6–6.8)% for Aß(1–42), T-TAU, and P-TAU(181P), respectively.
|
Assay specificity.
Epitope mapping results for the MAbs, obtained by use of biotinylated peptides, are shown in Fig. 3
. There was no obvious cross-reactivity between antibodies and peptides not containing the epitope of the protein of interest. The specificity of the AT270 MAb for P-TAU(181P) was confirmed by epitope mapping using synthetic peptides phosphorylated at Thr181 or at Thr175 and Thr181. Moreover, when we compared results obtained by single-bead/single-antigen/single-detector antibody methods with results obtained by the complete multianalyte method, we found no significant differences between samples.
|
The calibration curves for peptides Aß(1–42), Aß(2–42), and Aß(1–40) in the new xMAP multianalyte method are shown in Fig. 4
. The INNO-BIA AlzBio3 is highly specific for Aß peptides, starting at position 1 (D) and ending at position 42 (A), indicating that the new assay almost exclusively detects Aß(1–42). No cross-reactivity with Aß(1–40) was noted.
|
The assay specificity of the output signals for CSF samples for each protein was confirmed. We observed no false positivity in three CSF samples, as verified by an assay in which we replaced a microsphere coated with an antibody against one specific protein with a bead coupled to an antibody that did not recognize the protein of interest. In addition, we obtained background values when we replaced the specific biotinylated detector antibody with an antibody that did not recognize Aß(1–42), tau, or P-TAU(181P).
Another approach to verify the assay specificity was to analyze samples with different concentrations of only one protein [Aß(1–42), tau, or P-TAU(181P)]. Results for each protein are shown in Fig. 5
. Immunoreactivity was detected only on beads coupled with the specific antibodies. In other words, this approach did not reveal any cross-reactivity among proteins, confirming the assay specificity of the INNO-BIA AlzBio3. In addition, when we analyzed several CSF samples in the INNO-BIA AlzBio3, using either a mixture or only one of the two detector antibodies, we found no significant differences in concentrations, indicating an absence of cross-reactivity.
|
Method comparison.
Shown in Fig. 6
are difference plots of log-transformed values for Aß(1–42), T-TAU, and P-TAU(181P), which are based on analysis of at least 78 CSF samples for each protein. In each plot, the x axis represents the log-transformed values for the averages of concentrations obtained by both technologies, whereas the differences between methods are shown on the y axis. The difference plots obtained after the correction factors were applied are shown in Fig. 7
. The lines represent the 95% confidence intervals, based on the assumption of a 10% CV for both the ELISA and the INNO-BIA AlzBio3. These data suggest that a constant correction factor can be used to convert results obtained with the INNO-BIA AlzBio3 to ELISA values, whereas for P-TAU(181P) results, a constant factor can be used only within a restricted concentration range.
|
|
clinical assay performance
A series of CSF samples from controls (n = 29) and AD patients (n = 64) were analyzed for Aß(1–42) immunoreactivity, using microspheres coupled with either MAb 21F12 or MAb 4D7A3. In both cases, MAb 3D6 was used as the detector antibody. ROC analysis revealed no differences for differentiation of both diagnostic groups by these two Aß42-specific MAbs. The areas under the curves were 0.92 (SE = 0.036) for 21F12 and 0.914 (SE = 0.037) for 4D7A3 (P = 0.858).
There was a significant decrease in CSF Aß(1–42) in AD patients compared with healthy controls and patients with FTD, MSA, PD, or PSP (Table 1
). The concentrations of Aß(1–42) in CSF were also significantly lower in patients with MCI-AD compared with controls. Both T-TAU and P-TAU were significantly increased in CSF samples from AD patients compared with healthy controls and patients with FTD, DLB, MSA, PD, and PSP. T-TAU concentrations were also significantly increased in the CSF samples from patients with MCI-AD compared with healthy controls. Finally, as shown in Table 1
, the CSF-P-TAU(181P) concentration did not differ significantly between the MCI-AD group and the healthy control group.
Gender did not influence the CSF concentrations of any of the proteins studied in any diagnostic group (data not shown). Within the AD group, there were no significant correlations between age and CSF concentrations of Aß(1–42), T-TAU, or P-TAU(181P). Within the AD group, there were no significant correlations between Mini Mental State Examination score and CSF concentrations of Aß(1–42), T-TAU, or P-TAU.
The sensitivity and specificity for Aß(1–42), T-TAU, and P-TAU(181P) in CSF for differentiation of AD from controls were determined by ROC curve analysis (Fig. 8
). The optimum cutoffs for the three analytes were 515 ng/L for Aß(1–42), 436 ng/L for T-TAU, and 87.3 ng/L for P-TAU(181P). The sensitivity and specificity for each protein are listed in Table 2
. The individual values for each patient participating in the study are shown in Fig. 9
.
|
|
|
In the AD group, there was a significant difference in CSF concentrations of Aß(1–42) when APOE 
4 allele-positive individuals were compared with APOE 4 allele-negative individuals (P <0.05; data not shown). In contrast, there were no significant differences in either T-TAU or P-TAU(181P) concentrations in CSF when APOE 4 allele-positive individuals were compared with APOE 4 allele-negative individuals (data not shown).
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterial and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The xMAP technology provides several potential analytical and clinical advantages over the conventional ELISA methods. The reductions in total assay time as well as in the number of handling steps make this a cost-effective assay system for clinical laboratories. Only small volumes of biological samples are required for simultaneous quantification of all analytes. The heterogeneous etiology of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders will most probably require combined measurement of several biomarkers, each reflecting a specific pathogenic mechanism for the different disorders. The discriminative power could be further improved by adding other CSF biomarkers, including but not limited to S100ß, N-terminally truncated variants of Aß peptides, and 
-synuclein, into a CSF panel. The xMAP technology provides a tool for analyzing all of these markers in a single CSF sample, which could improve clinical diagnosis of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
To allow implementation of the new assay format in routine clinical practice, it was essential that we compare it with currently available methodologies. By plotting the mean of the values obtained by ELISA and the xMAP technology against the difference, we found that a constant factor could be used to convert xMAP results to ELISA values for Aß(1–42), T-TAU, and P-TAU(181P). However, for P-TAU(181P), the constant correction factor was limited to a smaller concentration range in the xMAP test. There are several reasons that the absolute values obtained by the two technologies are different, including the selected pairs of antibodies, the method for presenting the antibodies, different accessibilities of the epitopes of the antibodies, different incubation conditions for some of the proteins, and differences in the slopes of the calibrator curves. These differences are not linked to the multiplexing character of the assay format because there were no obvious differences when multiplexed assays were compared with single-protein testing.
Because of the multiplexed format of the new assay, verification of a lack of cross-reactivity for each protein was very important. Epitope mapping clearly showed no cross-reactivity between the MAbs coupled to microspheres and peptides that did not contain the epitope. The analytical specificity of the new assay was further confirmed by the absence of any statistical difference in results for CSF samples when assayed in the single-bead, single-antigen, single-detector antibody format compared with the new multianalyte assay.
Precision profiling experiments revealed that assay variability was lower over the entire measurement range for the xMAP assay compared with the currently used ELISA tests. This low variability reduced the need to predilute CSF samples before analysis, allowing analysis of samples from patients with a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms. This is related in part to the ready-to-use series of calibrators for each protein, which limits potential errors introduced by preparation of calibrators from highly concentrated stock solutions. In addition, the multiplexed calibrator series can be frozen several times without affecting the outcome of the test. Furthermore, the technology itself, in which the final result is the median value of the analysis of hundreds of microspheres of a specific region, gives a more robust signal.
In agreement with several previous reports, we found a decrease in CSF Aß(1–42) in AD patients compared with healthy controls and patients with FTD, MSA, PD, or PSP (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Furthermore, and in agreement with several previous reports, we found that the concentrations of T-TAU and P-TAU(181P) in CSF from AD patients were higher than in controls and in each group within the neurologic disorders and other dementia group (14)(15)(16)(17)(18). The consistency of our results with results from previous clinical studies indicate that the new xMAP technology may be a suitable replacement for the ELISA methods used today for quantification of Aß(1–42), T-TAU, and P-TAU(181P) in CSF. We also found decreased Aß(1–42) and increased T-TAU in CSF samples from MCI-AD patients compared with controls. These findings are consistent with a previous study on MCI-AD patients, suggesting that concentrations of these CSF markers are abnormal before the onset of clinical dementia (35).
Inheritance of the APOE 4 allele increases the risk of sporadic AD (36). We therefore analyzed possible effects of APOE 4 on CSF concentrations of Aß(1–42), T-TAU, and P-TAU(181P). Within the AD group, we found that neither T-TAU nor P-TAU(181P) varied according to APOE genotype. In contrast, we found that the Aß(1–42) concentration in CSF varied according to APOE genotype; with lower CSF Aß(1–42) concentrations in individuals with higher numbers of the APOE 4 allele. This finding is in agreement with a recent study on more than 500 AD patients (37).
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
|
Footnotes |
|---|
2 Nonstandard abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer disease; P-TAU, phosphorylated tau; Aß, ß-amyloid; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; T-TAU, total tau; MAb, monoclonal antibody; PE, phycoerythrin; SV, streptavidin; APOE, apolipoprotein E; MCI-AD, mild cognitive impairment with progression to Alzheimer disease; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; MSA, multiple system atrophy; PD, Parkinson disease; and PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMaterial and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
2-macroglobulin (A2M) deletion and Alzheimer’s disease, and no change in A2M mRNA, protein, or protein expression. J Neural Transm 2000;107:1065-1079.
4 allele is associated with reduced cerebrospinal fluid levels of Aß42. Neurology 2004;62:2116-2118.The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
|
|
 |
|
  E. Stomrud, O. Hansson, H. Zetterberg, K. Blennow, L. Minthon, and E. Londos Correlation of Longitudinal Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers With Cognitive Decline in Healthy Older Adults Arch Neurol, February 1, 2010; 67(2): 217 - 223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Fjell, K. B. Walhovd, C. Fennema-Notestine, L. K. McEvoy, D. J. Hagler, D. Holland, K. Blennow, J. B. Brewer, A. M. Dale, and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Brain Atrophy in Healthy Aging Is Related to CSF Levels of A{beta}1-42 Cereb Cortex, January 4, 2010; (2010) bhp279v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Holtzman Cerebrospinal Fluid {beta}-Amyloid 42, Tau, and P-tau: Confirmation Now Realization Arch Neurol, December 1, 2009; 66(12): 1552 - 1553. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Hamaguchi, K. Ono, A. Murase, and M. Yamada Phenolic Compounds Prevent Alzheimer's Pathology through Different Effects on the Amyloid-{beta} Aggregation Pathway Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2009; 175(6): 2557 - 2565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. J. Jagust, S. M. Landau, L. M. Shaw, J. Q. Trojanowski, R. A. Koeppe, E. M. Reiman, N. L. Foster, R. C. Petersen, M. W. Weiner, J. C. Price, et al. Relationships between biomarkers in aging and dementia Neurology, October 13, 2009; 73(15): 1193 - 1199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Mattsson, H. Zetterberg, O. Hansson, N. Andreasen, L. Parnetti, M. Jonsson, S.-K. Herukka, W. M. van der Flier, M. A. Blankenstein, M. Ewers, et al. CSF Biomarkers and Incipient Alzheimer Disease in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment JAMA, July 22, 2009; 302(4): 385 - 393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N A Verwey, W M van der Flier, K Blennow, C Clark, S Sokolow, P P De Deyn, D Galasko, H Hampel, T Hartmann, E Kapaki, et al. A worldwide multicentre comparison of assays for cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease Ann Clin Biochem, May 1, 2009; 46(3): 235 - 240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N Mattsson, M Axelsson, S Haghighi, C Malmestrom, G Wu, R Anckarsater, S Sankaranarayanan, U Andreasson, S Fredrikson, A Gundersen, et al. Reduced cerebrospinal fluid BACE1 activity in multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, April 1, 2009; 15(4): 448 - 454. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Fellgiebel, E. Kojro, M. J. Muller, A. Scheurich, L. G. Schmidt, and F. Fahrenholz CSF APPs{alpha} and Phosphorylated Tau Protein Levels in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia of Alzheimer's Type J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, March 1, 2009; 22(1): 3 - 9. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A.-D. Gu, H.-Y. Mo, Y.-B. Xie, R.-J. Peng, J.-X. Bei, J. Peng, M.-Y. Li, L.-Z. Chen, Q.-S. Feng, W.-H. Jia, et al. Evaluation of a Multianalyte Profiling Assay and an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Serological Examination of Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific Antibody Responses in Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Clin. Vaccine Immunol., November 1, 2008; 15(11): 1684 - 1688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. M. Nielsen, L. Minthon, E. Londos, K. Blennow, E. Miranda, J. Perez, D. C. Crowther, D. A. Lomas, and S. M. Janciauskiene Plasma and CSF serpins in Alzheimer disease and dementia with Lewy bodies Neurology, October 16, 2007; 69(16): 1569 - 1579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. S.M. Reijn, M. O. Rikkert, W. J.A. van Geel, D. de Jong, and M. M. Verbeek Diagnostic Accuracy of ELISA and xMAP Technology for Analysis of Amyloid {beta}42 and Tau Proteins Clin. Chem., May 1, 2007; 53(5): 859 - 865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Vanderstichele, G. De Meyer, N. Andreasen, V. Kostanjevecki, A. Wallin, A. Olsson, K. Blennow, and E. Vanmechelen Amino-Truncated {beta}-Amyloid42 Peptides in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Prediction of Progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment Clin. Chem., September 1, 2005; 51(9): 1650 - 1660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. S.M. Schoonenboom, C. Mulder, H. Vanderstichele, Y. A.L. Pijnenburg, G. J. Van Kamp, P. Scheltens, P. D. Mehta, and M. A. Blankenstein Differences and Similarities between Two Frequently Used Assays for Amyloid {beta} 42 in Cerebrospinal Fluid Clin. Chem., June 1, 2005; 51(6): 1057 - 1060. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. B. Miller and J. W. Mandell Multiplex Method for Measuring Biomarkers of Alzheimer Disease in Cerebrospinal Fluid Clin. Chem., February 1, 2005; 51(2): 289 - 290. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
Read all eLetters
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
), T-TAU (x), and P-TAU(181P) (•) for the new xMAP multiparametric assay. (B), precision profiles showing the %CV plotted against the concentrations of the calibrators.
) and interassay (
), and Aß(2–42) (x) in a sandwich assay format with 3D6 as detector antibody.
), and 87.3 ng/L for P-TAU(181P) (