Clinical Chemistry Link to Randox Laboratories Web Site
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Clinical Chemistry 51: 395-400, 2005. First published November 24, 2004; 10.1373/clinchem.2004.037606
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
clinchem.2004.037606v1
51/2/395    most recent
Right arrow Submit an electronic Letter to
the Editor about this paper
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (9)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Souberbielle, J.-C.
Right arrow Articles by Cormier, C.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Souberbielle, J.-C.
Right arrow Articles by Cormier, C.
Related Collections
Right arrow General Clinical Chemistry
Right arrow Endocrinology and Metabolism
Right arrow Automation and Analytical Techniques
(Clinical Chemistry. 2005;51:395-400.)
© 2005 American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Inc.

Endocrinology and Metabolism

Assay-Specific Decision Limits for Two New Automated Parathyroid Hormone and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Assays

Jean-Claude Souberbielle1,a, Véronique Fayol2, Corinne Sault2, Ethel Lawson-Body1, André Kahan3 and Catherine Cormier3

1 Laboratoire d’Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
2 Laboratoire Marcel Mérieux, Lyon, France.
3 Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.

aAddress correspondence to this author at: Laboratoire d’Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France. E-mail jean-claude.souberbielle{at}nck.ap-hop-paris.fr.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Background: The recent development of nonradioactive automated assays for serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) has made measurement of these two hormones possible in many laboratories. In this study, we compared two new assays for PTH and 25OHD adapted on an automated analyzer, the LIAISON®, with two manual immunoassays used worldwide.

Methods: We studied 228 osteoporotic patients, 927 healthy individuals, 38 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, and 167 hemodialyzed patients. Serum PTH was measured with the Allegro® and the LIAISON assays, and 25OHD was measured with DiaSorin RIA and the LIAISON assay. Regression analysis was used to calculate decision thresholds for the LIAISON assays that were equivalent to those of the Allegro PTH and DiaSorin 25OHD assays.

Results: The 25OHD concentrations obtained with the LIAISON assay and the RIA in osteoporotic patients were well correlated (r = 0.83; P <0.001). Regression and Bland–Altman analyses suggested that the LIAISON 25OHD assay reads lower than the DiaSorin RIA at low concentrations but higher at high concentrations. However, the cutoff (50 nmol/L) used in our laboratories to define vitamin D insufficiency with the DiaSorin RIA is applicable to the LIAISON 25OHD assay. In 927 healthy individuals, the 3rd–97th percentile intervals were 3–80 ng/L and 13–151 nmol/L for the LIAISON PTH and 25OHD concentrations, respectively. However, 506 individuals (54.6%) were vitamin D-insufficient; we therefore considered only the 421 individuals with a LIAISON 25OHD >50 nmol/L as eligible for the reference population for the LIAISON PTH assay. In this group, the 3rd–97th percentile interval for LIAISON PTH was 3–51 ng/L. Considering upper reference limits of 46 and 51 ng/L for the Allegro and LIAISON assays, respectively, the frequency of above-normal PTH concentrations in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism was similar in both assays. Regression analysis between serum PTH measured by the Allegro and LIAISON assays in 167 hemodialyzed patients and the corresponding Bland–Altman analysis of these data suggest that the LIAISON PTH assay tends to read higher than the Allegro assay at low concentrations but lower at high concentrations (>300 ng/L).

Conclusions: Because clinical decision limits for both PTH and 25OHD should be assay specific, we propose equivalences between these assays and two manual assays used worldwide. These assay-specific decision limits should help potential users of the LIAISON PTH and 25OHD assays.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)1 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) are frequently measured in routine practice. Until recently, these analytes were measured by RIA/radiocompetition assays and/or HPLC in specialized laboratories. New automated assays made their measurement possible in many more laboratories. It should be stressed, however, that although these new assays can ease daily laboratory practice, they need careful analytical and clinical evaluation and a definition of specific reference values before being used broadly.

Population-based reference values for 25OHD vary with season (1), latitude(1), age(2), and skin pigmentation (3). Health-based reference values for serum 25OHD have been proposed to replace population-based reference values, with a cutoff at 50 nmol/L defining vitamin D insufficiency (4)(5). Although higher than most lower limits of the commonly used reference values, this cutoff is still considered too low by many specialists (6)(7)(8)(9). Until a consensus is reached, we currently use this cutoff of 50 nmol/L in our laboratories. Because PTH may be increased in patients with vitamin D insufficiency and decreases when vitamin D-insufficient individuals are given vitamin D, it seems logical to exclude those with vitamin D insufficiency from a reference population for serum PTH. However, because vitamin D insufficiency is usually clinically silent, 25OHD must be measured beforehand, and individuals with a concentration below the threshold defining vitamin D insufficiency should be excluded from the reference population. Applying these criteria, we showed that the upper reference limit for serum PTH obtained with the Allegro® PTH assay (Nichols Institute) or with the Whole PTH assay (Scantibodies Laboratories) becomes ~30% lower than the upper limit usually considered (46 ng/L instead of 65 ng/L with the Allegro assay and 34 ng/L instead of 44 ng/L with the Whole PTH assay) (10). The differences in the concentrations obtained with these two assays highlight that epitope recognition may influence the PTH reference interval.

Reference values and decision thresholds for serum PTH and 25OHD may vary among assays and should thus be assay specific (11)(12). In the present work, we focused on reference values and clinical decision limits for two new automated assays for 25OHD and PTH (LIAISON®; DiaSorin). We first compared 25OHD concentrations measured in osteoporotic patients with the LIAISON assay and with the DiaSorin RIA and developed assay-specific decision limits for the LIAISON 25OHD assay. We then measured 25OHD and PTH with the LIAISON assays in a large population of healthy individuals and considered only those with a 25OHD concentration >50 nmol/L as the reference population for the LIAISON PTH assay. Finally, we studied the LIAISON PTH assay in patients with surgically confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and established equivalences between the LIAISON PTH assay and the Nichols Allegro PTH assay in hemodialyzed patients.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
patients and healthy individuals
The two 25OHD assays, the RIA and the LIAISON, were compared on sera from 228 consecutive Caucasian osteoporotic patients seen in our osteoporosis clinic to rule out a secondary cause of low bone mass. In these patients, osteoporosis was initially diagnosed on the basis of a bone mineral density T-score below –2.5 SD or on the basis of a low trauma fracture associated with a bone mineral density T-score below –1 SD. None of these patients had clinical signs of osteomalacia. They were residents of the Paris region (latitude 49 degrees North), and most of them had been exposed to sunshine during the previous months because blood samples were obtained in summer (from late June to late October 2003).

Serum PTH and 25OHD were measured with the LIAISON assays in 927 healthy individuals from different French geographic areas enrolled in a national survey of allergy risk. Blood samples were obtained throughout the year, and sera were thawed once for the centralized measurement (in Laboratoire Marcel Mérieux, Lyon, France) of total IgE. The remaining quantity of serum (at least 1 mL) was kept frozen at –20 °C until the combined measurement of PTH and 25OHD with the LIAISON analyzer and serum total calcium and proteins by standard methods. All of the individuals had a normal protein-corrected serum calcium. They gave oral informed consent for the anonymous measurement of biochemical markers other than total IgE in the remaining serum.

PTH was also measured with both the LIAISON PTH assay and the Nichols Allegro PTH assay in 38 consecutive patients with surgically confirmed PHPT and in 167 hemodialyzed patients. The PHPT patients were initially referred to our bone clinic because they were osteoporotic, to rule out a secondary cause of osteoporosis. Because PHPT was then diagnosed in these patients, they were treated surgically under guidelines from a recent consensus development conference on asymptomatic PHPT designating densitometric osteoporosis as a criterion for surgery in PHPT (13).

laboratory methods
The LIAISON is an automated analyzer with which a result for both PTH and 25OHD can be obtained in 35 min (25 min if only PTH is desired) from a single serum sample (minimum quantity of serum needed to measure both analytes is 450 µL).

The LIAISON intact PTH assay is a direct immunochemiluminescent sandwich assay that uses two affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies, one directed against the N-terminal portion (residues 1–34) of the PTH molecule (the labeled antibody) and the other (the capture antibody) directed against the C-terminal end (residues 39–84). This assay is said by the manufacturer to measure both the intact 1–84 PTH molecule and the 7–84 PTH fragment with 100% and ~80% cross-reactivity, respectively.

The LIAISON 25OHD assay is a direct competitive immunochemiluminescent assay. Reagents include an antibody specific to vitamin D coated on magnetic particles and 25OHD conjugated to an isoluminol derivative and diluted in phosphate buffer. The anti-25OHD antibody is said by the manufacturer to be a purified preparation of the same antisera used in the DiaSorin RIA for 25OHD. During incubation in an acidic assay buffer containing 100 mL/L acetonitrile, the 25OHD present in serum is dissociated from its binding protein and competes with the labeled vitamin D for binding sites on the antibody.

The analytical characteristics of the two LIAISON assays as provided by the manufacturer in the product inserts are presented in Table 1 .


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 1. Analytical characteristics of the LIAISON assays as provided by DiaSorin in the product inserts.

As outlined above, PTH and 25OHD were also measured in our patients with the Allegro intact PTH assay (Nichols Institute) and with the 125I 25OHD RIA (DiaSorin) for which analytical and clinical performance have been described elsewhere (14)(15).

statistics
Data are presented as the mean (SD). Assay methods were compared by simple regression analyses and Bland–Altman plots. Regression analyses were used to calculate equivalences between assays for decision limits, whereas Bland–Altman analyses were used to demonstrate possible intermethod bias. The difference in means between groups were assessed by ANOVA. P ≤0.05 was considered significant.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
The 25OHD concentrations obtained with the LIAISON assay and the RIA in our osteoporotic patients were well correlated (Fig. 1 ). Of these 228 patients from whom blood samples were obtained in summer, 78 (34.2%) were considered vitamin D-insufficient (DiaSorin RIA 25OHD value ≤50 nmol/L). Equivalences between the DiaSorin 25OHD RIA and the LIAISON 25OHD assay were calculated from the equation presented in Fig. 1 . For example, 25OHD RIA concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 nmol/L corresponded to 6, 21, 50, 108, and 225 nmol/L in the LIAISON assay. These data and Bland–Altman plots (not shown) suggest that the LIAISON 25OHD assay reads lower than the DiaSorin RIA at low concentrations but higher at high concentrations. It is of note, however, that the cutoff of 50 nmol/L used at present in our laboratories to define vitamin D insufficiency with the DiaSorin RIA is applicable to the LIAISON 25OHD assay.



View larger version (26K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 1. Least-squares regression analysis of the serum 25OHD concentrations measured with the DiaSorin RIA and with the LIAISON assay in 228 osteoporotic patients.

Equation for the line: y = 1.16x – 8.2 nmol/L (r = 0.83; P <0.001). Inset highlights the values <50 nmol/L.

In the 927 healthy individuals, we found the expected significant negative correlation between the LIAISON PTH values and the LIAISON 25OHD values (r = –0.21; P <0.0001), whereas serum calcium (protein corrected) was correlated with neither the LIAISON PTH (r = 0.02; P = 0.54) nor the LIAISON 25OHD (r = 0.012; P = 0.71). In the whole population of 927 individuals, the 3rd to 97th percentile intervals were 3–80 ng/L and 13–151 nmol/L for the LIAISON PTH and the LIAISON 25OHD assay, respectively. However, 506 of these 927 individuals (54.6%) had a LIAISON 25OHD ≤50 nmol/L; we therefore considered only the 421 remaining individuals with a LIAISON 25OHD >50 nmol/L eligible as the reference population for the LIAISON PTH assay. In this group, the mean (SD) LIAISON PTH [23.1 (15.4) ng/L] was significantly lower (P <0.001) than in the group with 25OHD ≤50 nmol/L [32.6 (24.2) ng/L], with a 3rd to 97th percentile interval of 3–51 ng/L, and the PTH concentrations were no longer correlated with 25OHD (r = 0.053; not significant). Furthermore, the mean LIAISON PTH concentration for those individuals with a LIAISON 25OHD between 50 and 75 nmol/L [23.3 (16.2) ng/L] was not different from the mean LIAISON PTH for those with a LIAISON 25OHD >75 nmol/L [23.0 (14.8) ng/L].

As expected, the LIAISON PTH concentrations were higher in the PHPT patients [81.6 (45.2) ng/L] and in the hemodialyzed patients [246.9 (228.8) ng/L] than in the reference population (P <0.001 for both groups). Considering upper reference cutoffs of 46 and 51 ng/L for the Allegro Nichols and the LIAISON PTH assays, respectively, 4 of our 38 patients with surgically confirmed PHPT had a normal PTH concentration in both assays, 3 had a normal concentration in the Allegro assay but a high concentration in the LIAISON assay, whereas 4 had a high concentration in the Allegro assay but a normal concentration in the LIAISON assay (Fig. 2 ). In any PHPT patients with a normal PTH concentration, PTH was in fact inappropriately in the high-normal range when compared with hypercalcemia.



View larger version (14K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 2. x-y plots of PTH concentrations measured with the Allegro Nichols assay (x axis) and the LIAISON assay (y axis) in 38 patients with PHPT.

The vertical and horizontal lines represent the upper reference limits established in vitamin D-sufficient individuals for both PTH assays [46 ng/L (10) and 51 ng/L for the Allegro and the LIAISON assay, respectively].

The results of the regression analysis between Allegro PTH and LIAISON PTH values in the 167 hemodialyzed patients are shown in Fig. 3 . The equation presented in Fig. 3 allowed calculation of equivalent values between assays in these patients. For example, equivalent LIAISON values for Allegro concentrations of 50, 150, 300, 500, and 1000 ng/L are 90, 169, 288, 446, and 842 ng/L, respectively. These equivalences and Bland–Altman plots (not shown) suggest that the LIAISON PTH assay tends to read higher than the Allegro assay at low concentrations but lower at high concentrations (>300 ng/L).



View larger version (20K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 3. Least-squares regression analysis of the PTH concentrations measured with the Allegro Nichols assay (x axis) and the LIAISON assay (y axis) in 167 hemodialyzed patients.

Equation for the line: y = 0.79x + 50.3 ng/L (r = 0.92; P <0.001). Inset is a enlargement of the low-values area.


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
We have developed in this study corresponding clinical decision thresholds between the DiaSorin 25OHD RIA and the LIAISON 25OHD assays and between the Nichols Allegro PTH and the LIAISON PTH assays.

Serum 25OHD is the best indicator of vitamin D status (4), but there is currently no consensus on a threshold below which vitamin D insufficiency can be defined. We currently use a threshold of 50 nmol/L with the DiaSorin RIA because several authors have reported that a serum 25OHD >50 nmol/L is sufficient to prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism (4)(5). Our results were consistent with this threshold because PTH concentrations were not correlated with 25OHD in the healthy individuals with 25OHD >50 nmol/L and were not higher in those with a serum 25OHD between 50 and 75 nmol/L than in those with 25OHD >75 nmol/L. We find this cutoff at 50 nmol/L exactly applicable to the LIAISON 25OHD assay, but this is probably fortuitous, and we keep in mind that many authorities regard this concentration as indicating vitamin D insufficiency. Indeed, it has been proposed (7)(8) that 25OHD should be >75 nmol/L to take advantage of effects of vitamin D not related to calcium metabolism (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22). Furthermore, other authors have suggested that 25OHD should be ≥75 nmol/L to prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism (6)(23). Because most studies from which these thresholds are derived have used the DiaSorin RIA for measuring 25OHD, we propose assay-specific decision thresholds for the LIAISON 25OHD assay in comparison with the DiaSorin RIA (for example, 75 nmol/L with the RIA corresponds to 79 nmol/L with the LIAISON 25OHD assay). These equivalences need confirmation because the high CVs reported by the manufacturer may induce poor reproducibility of our findings. Assuming that a LIAISON 25OHD of 50 nmol/L is used to define vitamin D insufficiency, 34.2% of our 228 osteoporotic patients (blood obtained in summer) and 54.6% of the 927 healthy patients (blood obtained throughout the year) were vitamin D-insufficient. These proportions increase to 66.2% and 76.8% in the osteoporotic patients and healthy individuals, respectively, if a threshold of 79 nmol/L is used. This confirms that vitamin D insufficiency is an endemic problem in France.

When establishing reference values for serum PTH, it seems logical to exclude from the reference population any person with a condition potentially leading to an increased PTH concentration. Vitamin D insufficiency is one condition that may increase PTH, but to know whether an apparently healthy individual is vitamin D-insufficient, serum 25OHD must be measured. However, vitamin D status has not been taken into account in most published studies on PTH reference values (14)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). We found that in healthy individuals with 25OHD >50 nmol/L, the upper limit of the LIAISON PTH reference interval was 36% lower than when vitamin D status was not taken into account in the same population (51 ng/L instead of 80 ng/L), a result highly comparable to our previous findings with the Allegro PTH assay and the Whole PTH assay (10). We also found that the Allegro assay and the LIAISON PTH assay yielded similar clinical information for the diagnosis of PHPT. However, despite using a narrower reference interval than is typically used, we found, like others (28)(29)(30), that although PTH is disproportionately high for a given calcium concentration, it is not clearly above normal in every patient with PHPT. This emphasizes the need for simultaneous measurement of serum calcium and PTH.

Finally, we propose equivalences between the Allegro PTH assay and the LIAISON PTH assay in hemodialyzed patients. PTH measurements are part of the routine evaluation of such patients to identify renal osteodystrophy subtypes and to adjust treatment with calcium/vitamin D. In these patients, the decision limits are based on studies that compared results of bone biopsies with PTH concentrations measured with the Allegro assay (31) and suggested that intact PTH concentrations should be maintained between 150 and 300 ng/L. Although confirmed in the guidelines for the management of renal osteodystrophy (32), it is not indicated that this target range is specific for the Allegro assay only. We found that the equivalent range with the LIAISON PTH assay is 169–288 ng/L. It should be stressed that choosing a PTH assay today for the follow-up of hemodialyzed patients is a challenge. Indeed, "intact" PTH assays such as the Allegro or the LIAISON PTH assay recognize a non-(1–84) PTH fragment (33) that accumulates in renal failure (34). The recent development of assays that measure the 1–84 PTH form only (35) has been identified as a real improvement in the noninvasive diagnosis of bone disease in hemodialyzed patients by some (36) but not all authors(37)(38). Deciding whether these new assays will replace the intact assays in routine practice deserves further studies and a published consensus (32)(39).

In summary, we have evaluated two new automated PTH and 25OHD assays and propose equivalences between these assays and two manual assays used worldwide. These assay-specific decision limits could help potential users of the LIAISON PTH and 25OHD assays.


   Acknowledgments
 
We are highly grateful to the technical staff of the radio-immunology unit of the Laboratoire Marcel Mérieux (Lyon, France); to Christine Ferret, Patricia Herviaux, and Philippe Bonnet (Physiology Laboratory, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France); and to Christine Dufour (Laboratoire de Biochimie, Hôpital de Gonnesse, Gonnesse, France) for their excellent technical work. We also acknowledge DiaSorin (Stillwater, MN) for the donation of reagents for the LIAISON assays.


   Footnotes
 
1 Nonstandard abbreviations: PTH, parathyroid hormone; 25OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; and PHPT, primary hyperparathyroidism.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. Webb A, Kline L, Holick M. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67:373-378.[Abstract]
  2. Quesada JM, Coopmans W, Ruiz B, Aljam P, Jans I, Bouillon R. Influence of vitamin D on parathyroid function in the elderly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:494-501.[Abstract]
  3. M’Buyamba-Kabangu JR, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Bouillon R, Lissens W, Amery A. Calcium, vitamin D-endocrine system, and parathyroid hormone in black and white males. Calcif Tissue Int 1987;41:70-74.[ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  4. Lips P. Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 2001;22:477-501.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Malabanan A, Veronikis I, Holick M. Redefining vitamin D insufficiency. Lancet 1998;351:805-806.[ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  6. Chapuy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M, Arnaud S, Galan P, Hercberg S, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int 1997;7:439-443.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  7. Holick M. Vitamin D: the underappreciated D-lightful hormone that is important for skeletal and cellular health. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 2002;9:87-98.
  8. Zittermann A. Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence?. Br J Nutr 2003;89:552-572.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  9. Vieth R. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:842-856.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Souberbielle JC, Cormier C, Kindermans C, Gao P, Cantor T, Forette F, et al. Vitamin D status and redefining serum parathyroid hormone reference range in the elderly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3086-3090.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Lips P, Chapuy MC, Dawson-Hughes B, Pols H, Holick M. An international comparison of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D measurements. Osteoporos Int 1999;9:394-397.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  12. Hollis BW. Comparison of commercially available (125)I-based RIA methods for the determination of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Clin Chem 2000;46:1657-1661.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Bilezikian J, Potts , El-Hadj Fuleihan G, Kleerekoper M, Neer R, Peacock M, et al. Summary statement from a workshop on asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a perspective for the 21st century. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:5353-5361.[Free Full Text]
  14. Nussbaum S, Zahradnik R, Lavigne J, Brennan G, Nozawa-Ung K, Kim L, et al. Highly sensitive two-site immunoradiometric assay for parathyrin and its clinical utility in evaluating patients with hypercalcemia. Clin Chem 1987;33:1364-1367.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Hollis BW, Karnerud J, Selvaag S, Lorenz J, Napoli JL. Determination of vitamin D status by radioimmunoassay with an 125I-labeled tracer. Clin Chem 1993;39:529-533.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. John E, Schwartz G, Dreon D, Koo J. Vitamin D and breast cancer risk: the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study, 1971–1975 to 1992. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999;8:399-406.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Bostick R, Potter J, Sellers T, McKenzie D, Kushi L, Folsom A. Relation of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy food intake to incidence of colon cancer among older women. Am J Epidemiol 1993;137:1302-1317.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Ahonen M, Tenkanen L, Teppo L, Hakama M, Tuohlmaa P. Prostate cancer risk and prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Cancer Causes Control 2000;11:847-852.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  19. Hyppönen E, Läära E, Reunanen A, Järvelin MR, Virtanen S. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet 2001;358:1501-1503.
  20. Cantorna M, Hayes C, Deluca H. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reversibly blocks the progression of relapsing encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:7861-7864.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Cantorna M, Hayes C, DeLuca H. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol inhibits the progression of arthritis in murine models of human arthritis. J Nutr 1998;128:68-72.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Visser M, Deeg D, Lips P. Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength and muscle mass (sarcopenia): the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:5766-5772.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. Guillemant J, Taupin P, Le HT, Taright N, Allemandou A, Pérès G, et al. Vitamin D status during puberty in French healthy male adolescents. Osteoporos Int 1999;10:222-225.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  24. Newman DJ, Ashby JP. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of a two-site immunoradiometric assay for intact parathyroid hormone. Ann Clin Biochem 1988;25:654-660.
  25. Ratcliffe WA, Heath DA, Ryan S, Jones SR. Performance and diagnostic application of a two-site immunoradiometric assay for parathyrin in serum. Clin Chem 1989;35:1957-1961.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Endres D, Villanueva R, Sharp C, Jr, Singer F. Immunochemiluminometric and immunoradiometric determinations of intact and total immunoreactive parathyrin: performance in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia and hypoparathyroidism. Clin Chem 1991;37:162-168.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  27. Blind E, Schmidt-Gayk H, Scharla S, Flentje D, Fischer S, Göhring U, et al. Two-site assay of intact parathyroid hormone in the investigation of primary hyperparathyroidism and other disorders of calcium metabolism compared with a mid-region assay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67:353-360.[Abstract]
  28. Carnevale V, Dionisi S, Nofroni I, Romagnoli E, Paglia F, De Geronimo S, et al. Potential utility of a new IRMA for parathyroid hormone in postmenopausal patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Chem 2004;50:626-631.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Glendenning P, Gutteridge DH, Retallack RW, Stuckey BG, Kermode DG, Kent GN. High prevalence of normal total calcium and intact PTH in 60 patients with proven primary hyperparathyroidism: a challenge to current diagnostic criteria. Aust NZ J Med 1998;28:173-178.[ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  30. Silverberg S, Gao P, Brown I, LoGerfo P, Cantor T, Bilezikian J. Clinical utility of an immunoradiometric assay for parathyroid hormone (1–84) in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:4725-4730.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Sherrard DJ, Hercz G, Pei Y, Maloney NA, Greenwood C, Manuel A, et al. The spectrum of bone disease in end-stage renal failure—an evolving disorder. Kidney Int 1993;43:436-442.[ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  32. K/DOKI guidelines for the management of renal osteodystrophy. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42(Suppl 3):S1-S201.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  33. Lepage R, Roy L, Brossard JH, Rousseau L, Dorais C, Lazure C, et al. A non (1–84) circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) fragment interferes significantly with intact PTH commercial assay measurements in uremic samples. Clin Chem 1998;44:805-809.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  34. Slatopolsky E, Finch J, Clay P, Martin D, Sicard G, Singer G, et al. A novel mechanism for skeletal resistance in uremia. Kidney Int 2000;58:753-761.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  35. John M, Goodman W, Gao P, Cantor T, Salusky I, Jüppner H. A novel immunoradiometric assay detects full-length human PTH but not amino-terminally truncated fragments: implication for PTH measurements in renal failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:4287-4290.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  36. Monier-Faugère MC, Geng Z, Mawad H, Friedler RM, Gao P, Cantor T, et al. Improved assessment of bone turnover by the PTH (1–84)/C-PTH fragments ratio in ESRD patients. Kidney Int 2001;60:460-468.
  37. Coen G, Bonucci E, Ballanti P, Balducci A, Calabria S, Nicolai G, et al. PTH 1–84 and PTH "7–84" in the noninvasive diagnosis of bone disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:348-354.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  38. Salusky I, Goodman W, Kuizon B, Lavigne J, Zahranik R, Gales B, et al. Similar predictive value of bone turnover using first- and second-generation immunometric PTH assays in pediatric patients treated with peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 2003;63:1801-1808.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  39. Martin K, Olgaard K, . on behalf of the Bone Turnover Work Group. Diagnosis, assessment and treatment of bone turnover abnormalities in renal osteodystrophy. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43:558-565.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]



The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:


Home page
 Clin. Chem.Home page
R. J. Singh
Are Clinical Laboratories Prepared for Accurate Testing of 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D?
Clin. Chem., January 1, 2008; 54(1): 221 - 223.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Chem.Home page
F. Ibrahim, C. Parmentier, and P. Boudou
Divergence in Classification of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status with Respect to Immunoassays
Clin. Chem., February 1, 2007; 53(2): 363 - 364.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Chem.Home page
G. L. Lensmeyer, D. A. Wiebe, N. Binkley, and M. K. Drezner
HPLC Method for 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Measurement: Comparison with Contemporary Assays
Clin. Chem., June 1, 2006; 52(6): 1120 - 1126.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
clinchem.2004.037606v1
51/2/395    most recent
Right arrow Submit an electronic Letter to
the Editor about this paper
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (9)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Souberbielle, J.-C.
Right arrow Articles by Cormier, C.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Souberbielle, J.-C.
Right arrow Articles by Cormier, C.
Related Collections
Right arrow General Clinical Chemistry
Right arrow Endocrinology and Metabolism
Right arrow Automation and Analytical Techniques

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS