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General Clinical Chemistry |
1 INSERM U525, Nancy, France.
2 Université Henry Poincaré, Nancy, France.
3 Randox Laboratories, Ltd., Crumlin, United Kingdom.
aAddress correspondence to this author at: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U525, 30 rue Lionnois, F54000 Nancy, France. Fax 33-3-8332-1322; e-mail Sophie.Visvikis-Siest{at}nancy.inserm.fr.
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Abstract |
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Methods: We used the Evidence® biochip array analyzer to quantify plasma IL-8, MCP-1, EGF, and VEGF concentrations in a subsample of 304 children (age range, 4–17 years) and 540 adults (age range, 18–55 years) from the STANISLAS family study. We also calculated reference intervals for the 4 cytokines.
Results: We found the following associations with plasma marker concentrations: Age, neutrophil count, and glucose concentration were positively associated with IL-8 concentrations in children and adults, as were smoking and platelet count in adults. MCP-1 concentrations were associated with age and smoking in both children and adults, monocyte count in children, and sex and hematocrit in adults. EGF concentrations were associated with platelet count in children and monocyte count and glucose in adults. VEGF concentrations were associated with age in children and adults and platelet count and alanine aminotransferase activity in adults.
Conclusion: Our results for IL-8, MCP-1, EGF, and VEGF may be useful for interpretation of patients’ laboratory results and for understanding the regulation of concentrations of these cytokines in physiologic conditions.
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Introduction |
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The chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8) 1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) belong to the CXC and the CC chemokine subfamilies, respectively. In vitro and in vivo at sites of inflammation, IL-8 attracts neutrophils and MCP-1 attracts monocytes (1)(2). These 2 chemokines also play important roles in atherosclerosis pathogenesis (3)(4) and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (5)(6). Blood concentrations of IL-8 are increased in patients with autoimmune diseases (7), and MCP-1 concentrations are increased in patients with Alzheimer disease or myocardial infarction (8)(9).
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are chemoattractants for monocytes and therefore are involved in physiologic and pathologic tissue growth and vascular remodeling as well as inflammation (10)(11)(12)(13). Several studies reported possible involvement of EGF in atherosclerosis and many cancers (12)(14). Moreover, VEGF may be involved in arteriosclerosis (15) and, because it stimulates adult neurogenesis, in neurodegenerative disorders (16). VEGF concentrations are also increased in several kinds of cancers (17).
Because IL-8, MCP-1, EGF, and VEGF may be used as diagnostic biochemical markers, the main factors influencing the biological variation of these markers and adequate reference values must be established. Most of the available data were derived from case–control studies or from patients undergoing drug therapies, and little is known about what factors influence the biological variation of these markers in a physiologic state (18)(19)(20). In addition, reference intervals have not been established. We therefore investigated what factors were most related to the biological variation of plasma IL-8, MCP-1, EGF, and VEGF concentrations and determined reference values for these cytokines in samples from apparently healthy participants in the STANISLAS family study.
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Materials and Methods |
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-glutamyl transferase activities >200 U/L; orosomucoid or haptoglobin concentrations >3 g/L; C-reactive protein >30 mg/L; cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations >10 mmol/L; or a glucose concentration >8 mmol/L. Each participant or participant’s parent or legal guardian gave written informed consent for participation, and the study was approved by the local ethics committee of Nancy (France). Data were collected by use of questionnaires that included questions about lifestyle, such as tobacco, alcohol, and drug consumption, and personal medical history. In addition, physical examinations and functional tests were performed, and basic blood constituents were measured as described previously (22).
blood samples and analytical methods
Venous blood samples were collected by venipuncture after an overnight fast. Sodium EDTA-plasma was separated by centrifugation at 2000g for 15 min at 4 °C and stored at –196 °C in liquid nitrogen until analysis.
The analytes of interest were quantified by Randox, Ltd. (Crumlin, UK) with a biochip array analyzer, the Evidence®. The biochip used consists of a 9 x 9 mm substrate on which discrete test regions have been constructed. The binding ligands (antibodies) are attached to predefined sites on the chemically modified surface of the biochip. After a simple ELISA procedure, each spot is imaged to capture chemiluminescent signals generated at each spot on the array. The light signal is captured by a charge-coupled device camera as part of an imaging station and converted by image-processing software to provide results compared with calibration curves for each location on the biochip (23).
The minimum detectable concentrations, defined as the lowest concentrations that could be differentiated from 0 (2 SD above 0), were 0.56, 19.3, 0.9, and 9.7 ng/L for IL-8, MCP-1, EGF, and VEGF (variant 165), respectively. The intraassay imprecision (as CV) was calculated from 1 run before analyzing the samples. The interassay imprecision (as CV) was calculated from the data for 2 controls, run over the 5 days of sample analysis (n = 30). Intraassay imprecision was 8.4%–11%, and interassay imprecision was 8.9%–13%.
statistical analyses
We performed statistical analyses with the SAS software package, Ver. 8.01 (SAS Institute). Because we could not obtain all results for IL-8, MCP-1, EGF, and VEGF (17.3%, 0.6%, 5.1%, and 9.5% of participants, respectively, had concentrations below the detection limit), undetectable values were set at 0.56, 19.3, 0.9, and 9.7 ng/L, respectively. The distributions of the concentrations of IL-8, MCP-1, EGF, and VEGF exhibited a long-tailed positive skewness and kurtosis. Log10 transformation removed most of the skewness and kurtosis, leaving a nearly gaussian distribution verified by normal probability plots. Before statistical analyses, concentrations were adjusted for the effect of between-run variation.
Differences in mean plasma concentrations of IL-8, MCP-1, EGF, and VEGF according to age (4–9, 10–14, and 15–17 years for children and 18–34, 35–44, and 45–55 years for adults) and sex were tested with the SAS GLM procedure by use of the Tukey–Kramer test.
Stepwise multiple regression analysis was carried out in the overall sample to select significant covariates of marker values adjusted for age and sex as well as lifestyle factors and related biological variables (oral contraceptive use, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and basic blood constituents such as lipid and glucose concentrations, enzyme activities, and blood cell counts). Regression coefficients were then computed for the overall sample and for children and adults separately. Because persons within a family are not independent, multiple regressions were based on the estimating equation (EE) technique using the SAS GENMOD procedure with a repeated statement. For all analyses, statistical significance was taken at P 
0.05; results with P 0.10 were discussed.
Reference values were calculated by use of a nonparametric method. In children and adults, partitioning criteria for separation of subgroups according to age (4–12, 13–17, 18–39, and 40–55 years) and sex were adopted from Harris and Boyd (24) and Lahti et al. (25). The partition criteria were applied to the log10 distributions.
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Results |
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. Plasma IL-8 and MCP-1 concentrations were significantly higher in men than in women and children (both P 0.001). Plasma VEGF concentrations were significantly higher in adults of both sexes than in children (P 0.001), whereas plasma EGF concentrations were not significantly different among the 4 groups classified by sex and age.
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age and sex variations
Plasma IL-8, MCP-1, EGF, and VEGF concentrations according to age and sex groups are shown in Fig. 1
. Two-way ANOVA showed that IL-8 and VEGF concentrations decreased significantly with age in children (P = 0.009 and P = 0.048, respectively), that concentrations of IL-8, MCP-1, and VEGF significantly increased with age in adults (P = 0.002, P 0.001, and P = 0.005, respectively), and that men had significantly higher concentrations of IL-8 and MCP-1 than women (P = 0.01 and P 0.001, respectively). EGF concentrations did not differ significantly according to age and sex groups. In addition, we found no interaction between age and sex for the 4 plasma cytokine concentrations.
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other determinants in multiple regression analysis and reference intervals
Multiple regression analysis of all sample results from children and adults indicated that plasma IL-8 concentrations were positively associated with smoking, glucose concentration, and platelet counts and negatively associated with neutrophil count (P = 0.06, P = 0.005, P 0.001, and P 0.001, respectively). In adults, these 4 associations remained significant, whereas in children, significant relationships were found only with glucose concentration and neutrophil count (see Table 1 in the Data Supplement that accompanies the online version of this article at http://www.clinchem.org/content/vol52/issue3/).
In the whole sample group, plasma MCP-1 concentrations were positively associated with hematocrit and with tobacco consumption (in a dose-dependent manner) and negatively associated with monocyte count (P 0.001, P = 0.04, and P = 0.006, respectively). In children there was no significant association with hematocrit, and in adults there was no significant association with monocyte count (see Table 1 in the online Data Supplement).
In the whole sample group, plasma EGF concentrations were positively associated with monocyte and platelet counts and glucose concentration (P = 0.009, P 0.001, and P = 0.005, respectively). In children there was a significant association only with platelet count, whereas in adults the association with platelet count did not remain significant (see Table 1 in the online Data Supplement).
Plasma VEGF concentrations were positively associated with oral contraceptive use, platelet count, and ALT activity in the whole sample group (P = 0.017, P 0.001, and P 0.001, respectively). In adults, only platelet count and ALT activity remained significantly associated with VEGF concentration. There was only a trend of association between oral contraceptive use and VEGF concentration in both children and adults (P 0.10; see Table 1 in the online Data Supplement).
Geometric means and reference intervals for plasma IL-8, MCP-1, EGF, and VEGF concentrations, partitioned according to age/sex criteria provided by the Harris and Boyd method (24), are shown in Table 2
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Discussion |
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Our finding that MCP-1 increased significantly with age in adults is in accordance with previous reports (18)(19)(20). Moreover, for middle-aged participants, samples from men had higher MCP-1 concentrations than samples from women. On the other hand, a study of elderly persons (19) did not show a significant difference between men and women, probably because of a decrease in circulating sex steroid hormones with age. Treatment of postmenopausal women with 17ß-estradiol could decrease plasma MCP-1 concentrations (28). In accordance with the data of Svoboda et al. (29), we did not find a significant relationship of plasma EGF concentration with age in children or adults. In addition, EGF concentrations did not differ significantly between men and women in the 2 age groups. IL-8 and VEGF concentrations decreased significantly with age in children and increased significantly with age in adults. In addition, there was a trend for higher VEGF concentrations in women than in men.
Several environmental and biological factors have been investigated as potential determinants of plasma IL-8, MCP-1, EGF, and VEGF concentrations. In our sample, tobacco consumption was independently and significantly associated with high IL-8 and MCP-1 concentrations. This result is consistent with other reported data. Indeed, in vitro studies showed that chemokines released by cultured cells were significantly increased in response to smoke (30)(31) and smokeless tobacco extracts (32). Deo et al.(20) found a positive correlation between smoking and plasma MCP-1 concentrations in adults in a large probability-based population. On the other hand, Boekholdt et al. (33) found no association between plasma IL-8 concentrations and smoking in apparently healthy individuals.
The positive significant relationships of glucose concentration with IL-8 and EGF concentrations are in agreement with the finding that EGF exerts full insulin-like effects on glucose transport in human fat cells (34). In addition, in vitro studies showed that glucose dramatically stimulated IL-8 promoter activity in cultured cells through several aligned carbohydrate response elements (also known as E-boxes) and activator protein-1 elements (35)(36).
Blood cell counts (monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets) were significantly associated with cytokine concentrations. We found, however, that IL-8 and MCP-1 [already known to be powerful chemoattractants of neutrophils and monocytes, respectively (1)] were negatively associated with neutrophil and monocyte counts, respectively. This effect could be the consequence of a negative feedback control of production of these chemokines by inflammatory cells under physiologic conditions. Hematocrit was significantly and positively associated with MCP-1 concentration in adults, probably because of the binding of erythrocytes by chemokines via promiscuous receptors (37)(38). These results suggest a mechanism by which circulating concentrations of these chemokines are regulated and may indicate a role for erythrocytes as regulators of inflammatory processes.
Finally, oral contraceptive use and ALT activity were significantly and positively associated with plasma VEGF concentrations. These 2 associations have not been reported in the literature, and we can give no definite explanation for them.
Our study was based on a random subsample of the overall STANISLAS population. Thus, conclusions drawn from this subsample should be valid for males and females 4–55 years of age living in the east of France. Comparisons of our results with those of other studies should take into account the characteristics of our subsample. Moreover, because partition criteria were adopted from Harris and Boyd (24) and because some subgroups of children contained fewer than the 120 participants recommended in the IFCC guidelines and by Reed et al. (39) to obtain reliable two-sided 90% confidence intervals for the 2.5th or 97.5th percentiles, reference intervals for these cytokines should be supplemented by further studies of young children and older adults and on other samples of populations with different genetic backgrounds and lifestyles.
In conclusion, we provide reference intervals for plasma IL-8, MCP-1, EGF, and VEGF concentrations stratified by age and sex, with estimation of their main variation factors. These data could be useful in the clinical interpretation of measurements of these cytokines.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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References |
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mimic the effects of insulin in human fat cells and augment downstream signaling in insulin resistance. J Biol Chem 2002;277:36045-36051.The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  P. A. Kavsak, D. T. Ko, A. M. Newman, G. E. Palomaki, V. Lustig, A. R. MacRae, and A. S. Jaffe Risk Stratification for Heart Failure and Death in an Acute Coronary Syndrome Population Using Inflammatory Cytokines and N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Clin. Chem., December 1, 2007; 53(12): 2112 - 2118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Kverka, J. Burianova, R. Lodinova-Zadnikova, I. Kocourkova, J. Cinova, L. Tuckova, and H. Tlaskalova-Hogenova Cytokine Profiling in Human Colostrum and Milk by Protein Array Clin. Chem., May 1, 2007; 53(5): 955 - 962. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
, men; 
, women; 
, boys; 
, girls. Results of two-way ANOVA by age and sex were as follows: for IL-8 (A), in children, P (age) = 0.009; P (sex) and P (age x sex interaction), not significant; in adults, P (age) = 0.002; P (sex) = 0.011; and P (age x sex interaction), not significant; for MCP-1 (B), in children, P for age, sex, and (age x sex interaction), all not significant; in adults, P (age) and P (sex)