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Clinical Chemistry 50: 2353-2360, 2004. First published September 30, 2004; 10.1373/clinchem.2004.039701
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Right arrow Automation and Analytical Techniques
(Clinical Chemistry. 2004;50:2353-2360.)
© 2004 American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Inc.

Automation and Analytical Techniques

Photonic Crystal Glucose-Sensing Material for Noninvasive Monitoring of Glucose in Tear Fluid

Vladimir L. Alexeev1,3, Sasmita Das1, David N. Finegold2 and Sanford A. Asher1,a

1 Department of Chemistry, Chevron Science Center, and 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
3 Glucose Sensing Technologies LLC, Pittsburgh, PA.

aAddress correspondence to this author at: Department of Chemistry, Chevron Science Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260. Fax 412-624-0588; e-mail asher{at}pitt.edu.

Background: We recently developed a photonic crystal glucose-sensing material (Alexeev et al., Anal Chem 2003;75:2316–23), which consists of a crystalline colloidal array embedded within a polymer network of a polyacrylamide-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel with pendent phenylboronic acid groups. The aim of the present work was to improve this approach for application to noninvasive or minimally invasive monitoring of glucose.

Methods: We used new boronic acid derivatives such as 4-amino-3-fluorophenylboronic acid and 4-carboxy-3-fluorophenylboronic acid as the molecular recognition elements to achieve sensing at physiologic pH values.

Results: The improved photonic glucose-sensing material sensed glucose in the range of the 100 µmol/L concentrations found in tear fluid. The detection limits were ~1 µmol/L in synthetic tear fluid. The visually evident diffraction color shifted across the entire visible spectral region from red to blue over the physiologically relevant tear-fluid glucose concentrations. This sensing material is selective for glucose over galactose, mannose, and fructose.

Conclusions: These new glucose sensors have properties appropriate for use in such glucose-sensing applications as ocular inserts or diagnostic contact lenses for patients with diabetes mellitus.




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J. T. Baca, C. R. Taormina, E. Feingold, D. N. Finegold, J. J. Grabowski, and S. A. Asher
Mass Spectral Determination of Fasting Tear Glucose Concentrations in Nondiabetic Volunteers
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