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Review |
1 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Central Laboratory, Rhenish-Westphalian Technical University (RWTH)-University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
aAuthor for correspondence. Fax 49-241-8082512; e-mail umeier{at}ukaachen.de.
Background: Recent studies point to the adipose tissue as a highly active endocrine organ secreting a range of hormones. Leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin are considered to take part in the regulation of energy metabolism.
Approach: This review summarizes recent knowledge on leptin and its receptor and on ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin, and emphasizes their roles in pathobiochemistry and clinical chemistry.
Content: Leptin, adiponectin, and resistin are produced by the adipose tissue. The protein leptin, a satiety hormone, regulates appetite and energy balance of the body. Adiponectin could suppress the development of atherosclerosis and liver fibrosis and might play a role as an antiinflammatory hormone. Increased resistin concentrations might cause insulin resistance and thus could link obesity with type II diabetes. Ghrelin is produced in the stomach. In addition to its role in long-term regulation of energy metabolism, it is involved in the short-term regulation of feeding. These hormones have important roles in energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, reproduction, cardiovascular function, and immunity. They directly influence other organ systems, including the brain, liver, and skeletal muscle, and are significantly regulated by nutritional status. This newly discovered secretory function has extended the biological relevance of adipose tissue, which is no longer considered as only an energy storage site.
Summary: The functional roles, structures, synthesis, analytical aspects, and clinical significance of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin are summarized.
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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P. C. F. Wamba, J. Mi, X.-Y. Zhao, M.-X. Zhang, Y. Wen, H. Cheng, D.-Q. Hou, and K. Cianflone Acylation stimulating protein but not complement C3 associates with metabolic syndrome components in Chinese children and adolescents Eur. J. Endocrinol., December 1, 2008; 159(6): 781 - 790. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Kanaka-Gantenbein, A. Margeli, P. Pervanidou, S. Sakka, G. Mastorakos, G. P. Chrousos, and I. Papassotiriou Retinol-Binding Protein 4 and Lipocalin-2 in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity: When Children Are Not Just "Small Adults" Clin. Chem., July 1, 2008; 54(7): 1176 - 1182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Chiesa, J. F. Osborn, C. Haass, F. Natale, M. Spinelli, E. Scapillati, A. Spinelli, and L. Pacifico Ghrelin, Leptin, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and Insulin Concentrations at Birth: Is There a Relationship with Fetal Growth and Neonatal Anthropometry? Clin. Chem., March 1, 2008; 54(3): 550 - 558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. T. G. De Alvaro, M. T. Munoz-Calvo, V. Barrios, G. Martinez, G. A. Martos-Moreno, F. Hawkins, and J. Argente Regional fat distribution in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: effect of duration of malnutrition and weight recovery Eur. J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2007; 157(4): 473 - 479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Archanco, J. Gomez-Ambrosi, M. Tena-Sempere, G. Fruhbeck, and M. A. Burrell Expression of Leptin and Adiponectin in the Rat Oviduct J. Histochem. Cytochem., October 1, 2007; 55(10): 1027 - 1037. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Kalaitzakis, I. Bosaeus, L. Ohman, and E. Bjornsson Altered postprandial glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin in liver cirrhosis: correlations with energy intake and resting energy expenditure Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2007; 85(3): 808 - 815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. A Martos-Moreno, V. Barrios, L. Soriano-Guillen, and J. Argente Relationship between adiponectin levels, acylated ghrelin levels, and short-term body mass index changes in children with diabetes mellitus type 1 at diagnosis and after insulin therapy. Eur. J. Endocrinol., November 1, 2006; 155(5): 757 - 761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Weyermann, C. Beermann, H. Brenner, and D. Rothenbacher Adiponectin and Leptin in Maternal Serum, Cord Blood, and Breast Milk Clin. Chem., November 1, 2006; 52(11): 2095 - 2102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. A Martos-Moreno, V. Barrios, and J. Argente Normative data for adiponectin, resistin, interleukin 6, and leptin/receptor ratio in a healthy Spanish pediatric population: relationship with sex steroids Eur. J. Endocrinol., September 1, 2006; 155(3): 429 - 434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. E. Gordon and K. H. McKeever Oral and intravenous carbohydrate challenges decrease active ghrelin concentrations and alter hormones related to control of energy metabolism in horses J Anim Sci, July 1, 2006; 84(7): 1682 - 1690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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