| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Received on February 17, 2004
Accepted on April 2, 2004
Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors |
1 Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, CDC, Atlanta, GA
2 LipoScience, Inc, Raleigh, NC
3 Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
4 Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
5 Jean Mayer-US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: DFreedman{at}cdc.gov.
Background: The sex differential in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, which is not explained by male/female differences in lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, narrows with age. We examined whether this differential CHD risk might, in part, be attributable to the sizes of lipoprotein particles or concentrations of lipoprotein subclasses.
Methods: We analyzed frozen plasma samples from 1574 men and 1692 women from exam cycle 4 (1988-1990) of the Framingham Offspring Study. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to determine the subclass concentrations and mean sizes of VLDL, LDL, and HDL particles. Concentrations of lipids and apolipoproteins were measured by standard chemical methods.
Results: In addition to the expected sex differences in concentrations of triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol, women also had a lower-risk subclass profile consisting of larger LDL (0.4 nm) and HDL (0.5 nm) particles. The sex difference was most pronounced for HDL, with women having a twofold higher (8 vs 4 µmol/L) concentration of large HDL particles than men. Furthermore, similar to the narrowing of the sex difference in CHD risk with age, the observed male/female difference in HDL particle size also decreased with age. Although lipoprotein particle sizes were highly correlated with lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, the sex differences in the mean sizes of lipoprotein particles persisted (P <0.001) even after adjustment for lipid and lipoprotein concentrations.
Conclusions: Women have a less atherogenic subclass profile than men, even after accounting for differences in lipid concentrations.
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
|
|
 |
|
  T. P. Carr, K. L. S. Krogstrand, V. L. Schlegel, and M. L. Fernandez Stearate-Enriched Plant Sterol Esters Lower Serum LDL Cholesterol Concentration in Normo- and Hypercholesterolemic Adults J. Nutr., August 1, 2009; 139(8): 1445 - 1450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Sattler and B. Levkau Sphingosine-1-phosphate as a mediator of high-density lipoprotein effects in cardiovascular protection Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2009; 82(2): 201 - 211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. H. Contois, J. P. McConnell, A. A. Sethi, G. Csako, S. Devaraj, D. M. Hoefner, and G. R. Warnick Apolipoprotein B and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Position Statement from the AACC Lipoproteins and Vascular Diseases Division Working Group on Best Practices Clin. Chem., March 1, 2009; 55(3): 407 - 419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Kolovou, D. Damaskos, K. Anagnostopoulou, and D. V. Cokkinos Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphism and Gender Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., January 1, 2009; 39(2): 120 - 133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Nelbach, X. Shu, R. J. Konrad, R. O. Ryan, and T. M. Forte Effect of apolipoprotein A-V on plasma triglyceride, lipoprotein size, and composition in genetically engineered mice J. Lipid Res., March 1, 2008; 49(3): 572 - 580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. N. Pearce, P. W. F. Wilson, Q. Yang, R. S. Vasan, and L. E. Braverman Thyroid Function and Lipid Subparticle Sizes in Patients with Short-Term Hypothyroidism and a Population-Based Cohort J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2008; 93(3): 888 - 894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. H. de Boer, B. C. Astor, H. Kramer, W. Palmas, S. L. Seliger, M. G. Shlipak, D. S. Siscovick, M. Y. Tsai, and B. Kestenbaum Lipoprotein Abnormalities Associated with Mild Impairment of Kidney Function in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2008; 3(1): 125 - 132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. O. Mudd, B. A. Borlaug, P. V. Johnston, B. G. Kral, R. Rouf, R. S. Blumenthal, and P. O. Kwiterovich Jr Beyond Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: Defining the Role of Low-Density Lipoprotein Heterogeneity in Coronary Artery Disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 30, 2007; 50(18): 1735 - 1741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Deeg, J. B. Buse, R. B. Goldberg, D. M. Kendall, A. J. Zagar, S. J. Jacober, M. A. Khan, A. T. Perez, M. H. Tan, and on behalf of the GLAI Study Investigators Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone Have Different Effects on Serum Lipoprotein Particle Concentrations and Sizes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia Diabetes Care, October 1, 2007; 30(10): 2458 - 2464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Hodson, A. S.T. Bickerton, S. E. McQuaid, R. Roberts, F. Karpe, K. N. Frayn, and B. A. Fielding The Contribution of Splanchnic Fat to VLDL Triglyceride Is Greater in Insulin-Resistant Than Insulin-Sensitive Men and Women: Studies in the Postprandial State Diabetes, October 1, 2007; 56(10): 2433 - 2441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Rosenson, D. A. Wolff, A. L. Huskin, I. B. Helenowski, and A. W. Rademaker Fenofibrate Therapy Ameliorates Fasting and Postprandial Lipoproteinemia, Oxidative Stress, and the Inflammatory Response in Subjects With Hypertriglyceridemia and the Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes Care, August 1, 2007; 30(8): 1945 - 1951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Magkos, B. W. Patterson, B. S. Mohammed, S. Klein, and B. Mittendorfer Women Produce Fewer but Triglyceride-Richer Very Low-Density Lipoproteins than Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2007; 92(4): 1311 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Eichinger, N. M. Pecheniuk, G. Hron, H. Deguchi, M. Schemper, P. A. Kyrle, and J. H. Griffin High-Density Lipoprotein and the Risk of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism Circulation, March 27, 2007; 115(12): 1609 - 1614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. El Harchaoui, W. A. van der Steeg, E. S.G. Stroes, J. A. Kuivenhoven, J. D. Otvos, N. J. Wareham, B. A. Hutten, J. J.P. Kastelein, K.-T. Khaw, and S. M. Boekholdt Value of Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Number and Size as Predictors of Coronary Artery Disease in Apparently Healthy Men and Women: The EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 6, 2007; 49(5): 547 - 553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Okazaki, S. Usui, A. Fukui, I. Kubota, and H. Tomoike Component Analysis of HPLC Profiles of Unique Lipoprotein Subclass Cholesterols for Detection of Coronary Artery Disease Clin. Chem., November 1, 2006; 52(11): 2049 - 2053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. L. Van, V. K. Bakalov, and C. A. Bondy Monosomy for the X-Chromosome Is Associated with an Atherogenic Lipid Profile J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2006; 91(8): 2867 - 2870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Otvos, D. Collins, D. S. Freedman, I. Shalaurova, E. J. Schaefer, J. R. McNamara, H. E. Bloomfield, and S. J. Robins Low-Density Lipoprotein and High-Density Lipoprotein Particle Subclasses Predict Coronary Events and Are Favorably Changed by Gemfibrozil Therapy in the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial Circulation, March 28, 2006; 113(12): 1556 - 1563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Rip, M. C. Nierman, N. J. Wareham, R. Luben, S. A. Bingham, N. E. Day, J. N.I. van Miert, B. A. Hutten, J. J.P. Kastelein, J. A. Kuivenhoven, et al. Serum Lipoprotein Lipase Concentration and Risk for Future Coronary Artery Disease: The EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2006; 26(3): 637 - 642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. J. Shaw, C. N. Bairey Merz, C. J. Pepine, S. E. Reis, V. Bittner, S. F. Kelsey, M. Olson, B. D. Johnson, S. Mankad, B. L. Sharaf, et al. Insights From the NHLBI-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: Part I: Gender Differences in Traditional and Novel Risk Factors, Symptom Evaluation, and Gender-Optimized Diagnostic Strategies J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 7, 2006; 47(3_Suppl_S): S4 - S20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Wood, J. S. Volek, Y. Liu, N. S. Shachter, J. H. Contois, and M. L. Fernandez Carbohydrate Restriction Alters Lipoprotein Metabolism by Modifying VLDL, LDL, and HDL Subfraction Distribution and Size in Overweight Men J. Nutr., February 1, 2006; 136(2): 384 - 389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kathiresan, J. D. Otvos, L. M. Sullivan, M. J. Keyes, E. J. Schaefer, P. W.F. Wilson, R. B. D'Agostino, R. S. Vasan, and S. J. Robins Increased Small Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Number: A Prominent Feature of the Metabolic Syndrome in the Framingham Heart Study Circulation, January 3, 2006; 113(1): 20 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. L. L. Goyens and R. P. Mensink The Dietary {alpha}-Linolenic Acid to Linoleic Acid Ratio Does Not Affect the Serum Lipoprotein Profile in Humans J. Nutr., December 1, 2005; 135(12): 2799 - 2804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A Thijssen and R. P Mensink Small differences in the effects of stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid on the serum lipoprotein profile of humans Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2005; 82(3): 510 - 516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Bisoendial, G. K. Hovingh, K. El Harchaoui, J. H.M. Levels, S. Tsimikas, K. Pu, A. E. Zwinderman, J. A. Kuivenhoven, J. J.P. Kastelein, and E. S.G. Stroes Consequences of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibition in Patients With Familial Hypoalphalipoproteinemia Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2005; 25(9): e133 - e134. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Deguchi, N. M. Pecheniuk, D. J. Elias, P. M. Averell, and J. H. Griffin High-Density Lipoprotein Deficiency and Dyslipoproteinemia Associated With Venous Thrombosis in Men Circulation, August 9, 2005; 112(6): 893 - 899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Stan, E. Levy, E. E. Delvin, J. A. Hanley, B. Lamarche, J. O'Loughlin, G. Paradis, and M. Lambert Distribution of LDL Particle Size in a Population-Based Sample of Children and Adolescents and Relationship with Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors Clin. Chem., July 1, 2005; 51(7): 1192 - 1200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Festa, K. Williams, A. J.G. Hanley, J. D. Otvos, D. C. Goff, L. E. Wagenknecht, and S. M. Haffner Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Lipoprotein Abnormalities in Prediabetic Subjects in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study Circulation, June 28, 2005; 111(25): 3465 - 3472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Okazaki, S. Usui, M. Ishigami, N. Sakai, T. Nakamura, Y. Matsuzawa, and S. Yamashita Identification of Unique Lipoprotein Subclasses for Visceral Obesity by Component Analysis of Cholesterol Profile in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2005; 25(3): 578 - 584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |
