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Received on June 16, 2006
Accepted on December 12, 2006
Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors |
1 Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, and Division of Epidemiology and Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
2 Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, and Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
3 Department of Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
4 Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
5 Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, and Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jacobs{at}epi.umn.edu.
Background: Serum carotenoid concentrations relate inversely to cardiovascular disease incidence. To clarify the effect of carotenoids on atherosclerotic risk factors, we examined the association of circulating carotenoids with inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and smoking.
Methods: Black and white men and women in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study, ages 18 to 30 years at recruitment (1985-1986) from 4 US cities, were investigated over 15 years. We included 2048 to 4580 participants in analyses of the sum of serum 
-carotene, 
-carotene, zeaxanthin/lutein, and -cryptoxanthin concentrations and of lycopene at year 0 and at year 7.
Results: The year 0 sum of 4 carotenoids was inversely associated (all P <0.05) with year 0 leukocyte count (slope per sum carotenoid SD, -0.17); year 7 fibrinogen (slope, -0.10); year 7 and year 15 C-reactive protein (slope, -0.12 and -0.09); and year 15 F2-isoprostanes (slope, -13.0), soluble P-selectin (slope, -0.48), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM1; slope, -5.1). Leukocyte counts and sICAM1 and F2-isoprostane concentrations had stronger associations in smokers than in nonsmokers, and sICAM1 concentrations were higher in the highest carotenoid quartile in smokers than in the lowest carotenoid quartile in nonsmokers. Superoxide dismutase was positively associated with the sum of 4 carotenoids (slope, 0.12; P <0.01). Lycopene was inversely associated only with sICAM1. The year 7 carotenoid associations with these markers were mostly similar to those at year 0.
Conclusions: Circulating serum carotenoids were associated, some interactively with smoking, in apparently beneficial directions with markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction.
The following articles in journals at HighWire Press have cited this article:
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  K. Park, M. Gross, D.-H. Lee, P. Holvoet, J. H. Himes, J. M. Shikany, and D. R. Jacobs Jr. Oxidative Stress and Insulin Resistance: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study Diabetes Care, July 1, 2009; 32(7): 1302 - 1307. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. Thyagarajan, L. J. Smith, R. G. Barr, M. D. Gross, A. Sood, R. Kalhan, and D. R. Jacobs Jr Association of Circulating Adhesion Molecules With Lung Function: The CARDIA Study Chest, June 1, 2009; 135(6): 1481 - 1487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. Janicki-Deverts, S. Cohen, K. A. Matthews, M. D. Gross, and D. R. Jacobs Jr Socioeconomic Status, Antioxidant Micronutrients, and Correlates of Oxidative Damage: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study Psychosom Med, June 1, 2009; 71(5): 541 - 548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Sahni, M. T Hannan, J. Blumberg, L A. Cupples, D. P Kiel, and K. L Tucker Inverse association of carotenoid intakes with 4-y change in bone mineral density in elderly men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2009; 89(1): 416 - 424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. A. Kowluru, B. Menon, and D. L. Gierhart Beneficial Effect of Zeaxanthin on Retinal Metabolic Abnormalities in Diabetic Rats Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2008; 49(4): 1645 - 1651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. Buijsse, E. J. M. Feskens, L. Kwape, F. J. Kok, and D. Kromhout Both {alpha}- and -Carotene, but Not Tocopherols and Vitamin C, Are Inversely Related to 15-Year Cardiovascular Mortality in Dutch Elderly Men J. Nutr., February 1, 2008; 138(2): 344 - 350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Ohira, A. Hozawa, C. Iribarren, M. L. Daviglus, K. A. Matthews, M. D. Gross, and D. R. Jacobs Jr. Longitudinal Association of Serum Carotenoids and Tocopherols with Hostility: The CARDIA Study Am. J. Epidemiol., January 1, 2008; 167(1): 42 - 50. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. A. Thomson, N. R. Stendell-Hollis, C. L. Rock, E. C. Cussler, S. W. Flatt, and J. P. Pierce Plasma and Dietary Carotenoids Are Associated with Reduced Oxidative Stress in Women Previously Treated for Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2007; 16(10): 2008 - 2015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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